ÿWPC»  aU.ð %#$ 0(3 [m!} )  /"{@<Ô6X9`+CourierXCanon BJ-200BJ200.PRS8H|,XhhhhX,ÿHÀ‰#È´#Ô^($¡¡ÿÿHDJ°Ž`B#|v,þÿ"AHOZq|~ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿïÿE?ÿÿÿÿÿþÿÀÌ0³ËÌ0ÀÏ<Àü00//ÿÿÿÿÿÿN÷ÿÿà«ÿððHð‡Ÿÿ€È2RP€@LL <Ô6X9`+Couriern‰?xxxxhXxgÔþÿþÿþÿþÿþÿþÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÝ ƒ!ÝÝ W ÝTitle:€The€metamorphosis€of€a€shepherd:€The€tradition€history€ofÏZechariah€11:17€+€13:7-9.€€ÌSubject:€SHEPHERDS€in€the€Bible;€BIBLE€--€Criticism,Ïinterpretation,€etc.ÌSource:€Catholic€Biblical€Quarterly,€July93,€Vol.€55€Issue€3,Ïp453,€14pÌAuthor:€Cook,€Stephen€L.ÌAbstract:à0 ` àExamines€the€interpretation€of€the€shepherd€passages€inÐ ( x Ðthe€Bible's€Zechariah€11:17€and€13:7-9.€ShepherdÏimprecation€in€its€original€setting;€Original€literaryÏcontext€and€meaning€of€Zechariah€13:7-9;€OriginalÏhistorical€and€social€setting€of€the€text.Ð ` (#` (# ÐAN:€9604084085€ISSN:€0008-7912ÌNote:€€€€€€This€title€is€held€locallyÌÌ[Go€To€Citation]€Magazine:€Catholic€Biblical€Quarterly,€July,Ï1993ÌÌ€€€€€€THE€METAMORPHOSIS€OF€A€SHEPHERD:€THE€TRADITION€€€€€€€€€€ÏHISTORY€OF€ZECHARIAH€11:17€+€13:7-9ÌÌ€One€of€the€most€extraordinary€shifts€in€the€meaning€of€aÏñ,ñÔ% € Ôñ,ñpericope€in€the€Hebrew€Bible€has€taken€place€in€the€text€ZechÏ11:17€+€13:7-9.€Originally€an€imprecation€against€a€coming€evilÏcivic€ruler,€the€passage€has€been€transmitted€in€its€canonicalÏform€as€a€messianic€prediction€of€a€good€shepherd.€Unfortunately,Ïthe€history€of€this€pericope,€and€its€redactionalÏreinterpretation,€have€eluded€some€interpreters.€For€example,€P.ÏRedditt€reconstructs€the€shepherd€passages€in€Zechariah€asÏreactions€of€a€peripheral€group€against€Jerusalem'sÏestablishment,€which€included€priests.[1]€He€further€argues€thatÏZech€13:7-9€continues€to€picture€an€evil€leader€even€in€itsÏpresent€literary€context,€separate€from€Zech€11:1-17.€ForÏRedditt,€the€text€contains€not€a€positive€messianic€expectationÏbut€a€negative€view€of€Jerusalem's€leaders€presented€as€anÏexplanation€for€God's€attack€on€his€people€described€in€ZechariahÏ14.[2]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  Ð $ Ðñ*ñ€This€study€disagrees€with€Redditt's€view€of€Zech€13:7-9€as€anÏantiestablishment€text€reflecting€pessimism€about€the€future€ofÏthe€Davidic€house.€The€first€section€below€shows€that€the€textÏrepresents€an€intraestablishment€critique€of€the€civic€branch€ofÏYehud's€leadership,€probably€by€a€priestly€group.€Although€theÏpassage€is€critical€of€Yehud's€governors,€it€need€not€be€viewedÏas€abandoning€hope€in€a€future€Davidide.€A€critique€of€currentÏleaders€such€as€that€in€Zech€13:7-9€is€compatible€with€messianicÏexpectations.€The€study's€second€section€shows€how€Zech€13:7-9'sÏhistory€indicates€that€the€Zecharian€group€continued€itsÏmessianic€emphasis.€The€pericope€was€shaped€redactionally€andÏcanonically€so€that€now€it€is€not€only€compatible€withÏmessianism,€but€definitely€supports€it.€In€its€present€form,€theÏpericope€looks€forward€to€the€coming€of€a€good€Davidide.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ˆ,Ø'3 Ðñ*ñ€€€€€€€€€€I.€The€Shepherd€Imprecation€in€Its€Original€Settingñ*ñÐ .h)5 Їñ*ññ*ñÐ  .h)5 Ðñ*ñ€A.€The€Connection€of€Zechariah€11:17€and€Zechariah€13:7-9€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ° Ðñ*ñ€In€1840€H.€Ewald,€arguing€that€the€shepherd€material€inÏZechariah€had€been€accidentally€separated,€transposed€Zech€13:7-9Ïso€that€it€followed€Zech€11:17.[3]€There€are€several€importantÏreasons€for€agreeing€with€those€scholars,€including€the€NEBÏtranslators,€who€accept€Ewald's€connection€of€these€twoÏsections.[4]€The€form€of€Zech€13:7-9€stands€out€as€peculiarÏwithin€Zechariah€12-14.€It€appears€as€a€self-contained€pericope,Ïand€it€is€more€poetic€than€are€the€chapters€which€surround€it.[5]ÏFurther,€the€pericope€seems€misplaced,€for€material€reasons€asÏwell€as€formal€ones.€Its€imagery€and€motifs€are€not€integrallyÏrelated€to€chap.€13;€they€strike€the€reader€as€out€of€context.ÏIndeed,€the€subject€matter€of€Zech€13:7-9€is€much€more€in€keepingÏwith€earlier€parts€of€Zechariah.€Specifically,€its€themes€andÏmotifs€are€closely€related€to€the€shepherd€material€of€ZechariahÏ11.[6]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  0€  Ðñ*ñ€Zechariah€11:17€and€13:7-9€are€closely€related,€but€there€isÏless€evidence€that€these€verses€once€formed€an€originally€unifiedÏpoetic€piece.€One€reason€for€caution€is€the€unevenness€of€theÏpoetry€in€the€shepherd€sections€of€Zechariah:€lack€of€regularÏmeter€makes€it€hard€to€argue€either€for€or€against€the€continuityÏof€11:17€and€13:7-9.€More€problematic€is€the€fact€that€theÏshepherd€sections€of€Zechariah€are€not€consistent€in€the€type€ofÏparallel€lines€they€use.€Whereas€11:17€consists€of€three€bicola,Ï13:7€and€13:8-9a€both€consist€of€two€tricola.€One€could€bracketÏ(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€as€a€prosaicÏaddition€in€v€7€and€argue€that€11:17€+€13:7€originally€formed€aÏstrophe€with€four€bicola€and€a€concluding€tricolor.€Note€that€aÏmixture€of€bicola€and€tricola€is€already€present€in€13:7-9,€whichÏends€in€v€9b€with€two€externally€parallel€bicola.€However,€theÏtypological€variety€of€poetic€lines€here€does€not€allow€firmÏconclusions.€In€summary,€poetic€analysis€does€not€rule€outÏcontinuity€between€these€shepherd€sections€of€Zechariah,€but€itÏprovides€no€firm€basis€for€reconstructing€a€single€unified€poem.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ   X# Ðñ*ñ€Another€reason€for€caution€is€the€problematic€question€of€theÏextent€to€which€13:7-9€can€be€said€to€pick€up€the€thought€andÏmessage€of€11:17€and€continue€it€smoothly.€It€could€be€arguedÏthat€13:7€seems€to€repeat€11:17.€Further,€13:8-9,€with€itsÏintroductory€(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€andÏits€utterance€formula€(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCIIÏtext),€could€be€viewed€as€a€supplementary€elaboration.€ItÏexplains€exactly€what€is€meant€by€the€threat€against€the€shepherdÏin€11:17€and€what€the€implications€are€for€the€ZecharianÏmillennial€group€and€for€the€community€as€a€whole.[7]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ   (ð#. Ðñ*ñ€In€sum,€it€appears€that€13:7-9€was,€at€its€origin,€connected€toÏ11:4-17,€but€not€necessarily€as€the€original€conclusion€ofÏ11:4-17,€constituting€one€unified€poem€with€it.€Rather,€13:7-9Ïcould€well€have€arisen€as€a€later€addition€to€11:4-17,€appendedÏto€the€poem€by€the€same€millennial€group€which€produced€it;€orÏthe€pericope€may€be€a€kind€of€commentary€on€Zechariah€11,Ð .h)5 Ðintended€by€the€Zecharian€group€to€be€read€along€with€this€text.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ° Ðñ*ñ€B.€The€Original€Literary€Context€and€Meaning€of€Zechariah€13:7-9€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  @ Ðñ*ñ€Zechariah€11€:4-17,€the€original€context€of€Zech€13:7-9,€cannotÏbe€interpreted€as€oral€prophecy€of€any€one€particular€Gattung.€ItÏis€a€purely€literary€text€employing€a€mixture€of€forms.[8]€As€aÏwhole,€these€verses€depict€the€prophet€playing€the€role€of€twoÏdifferent€shepherds,€one€good,€the€other€evil.€Verses€4-6Ïintroduce€the€role€of€the€first€shepherd€by€using€features€of€theÏnarrative€of€commissioning,€but€here€the€features€of€this€genreÏare€used€in€what€is€really€a€prophecy€of€doom.€Verses€7-14Ïcontinue€this€narrative€with€literary€descriptions€of€one€or€moreÏprophetic€symbolic€acts€of€the€shepherd,€each€of€which€appears€toÏhave€negative€consequences.€It€is€unclear€whether€these€actionsÏillustrate€Israel's€history€or€depict€and€interpret€contemporaryÏevents.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  0€  Ðñ*ñ€The€second,€"ironic,"€commissioning€is€taken€up€in€11:15.€TheÏshepherd€of€these€verses€is€clearly€a€future€antishepherd,€theÏsame€figure€described€in€13:7-9.€If€the€arguments€in€section€AÏabove€are€correct,€13:7-9€expands€or€interprets€11:15-17,Ïdescribing€God's€personal€response€to€the€curses€of€that€text€andÏthe€resulting€effect€of€the€scattering€of€the€flock.€ThisÏpericope€also€addresses€the€fate€of€the€righteous€remnant€in€theÏwake€of€the€shepherd's€downfall.€God€will€not€completely€wise€outÏthe€faithful€along€with€the€wicked.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  P Ðñ*ñ€The€evil€nature€of€the€shepherd€in€13:7-9€was€clear€in€theÏpericope's€original€literary€context:€11:16-17€indicates€that€weÏare€dealing€with€an€antishepherd,€God's€"worthless€shepherd"Ï((Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text))€who€abandons€theÏflock.€By€virtue€of€his€office,€this€civil€ruler€will€be€inÏcharge€of€God's€people€and€is€God's€associate.€In€this€context,Ïhowever,€the€phrase€(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCIIÏtext)€(`the€man€at€my€side,'€`my€associate')€in€13:7€and€itsÏparallel,€(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€(`myÏshepherd'),€do€not€imply€God's€support€of€the€shepherd.[9]ÏElsewhere€in€the€Hebrew€Bible€oppressing€rulers€are€likewiseÏthought€of€as€being€under€the€control€and€direction€of€YahwehÏ(see€Isa€10:5-19).€These€terms€may€also€express€an€element€ofÏdeterminism.€God€himself€will€raise€up€this€shepherd€as€part€ofÏthe€inevitable€eschatological€crisis€before€the€new€age.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  €%Ð * Ðñ*ñ€C.€The€Original€Historical€and€Social€Setting€of€the€Text€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  '`", Ðñ*ñ€The€attempt€to€understand€the€social€setting€of€Zech€13:7-9€soonÏinvolves€one€in€the€difficult€task€of€identifying€the€shepherdsÏin€Zechariah€9-14€(Zech€10:2-3;€11:3,4-17;€13:7-9).[10]€ReddittÏis€correct€in€questioning€the€tendency€of€scholars€since€J.ÏWellhausen€to€identify€the€shepherds€as€Yehud's€priests€andÏtemple€establishment.[11]€The€shepherds€of€Deutero-ZechariahÏrepresent€civil,€not€religious,€leaders.€In€the€literature€of€theÏancient€Near€East€and€in€the€Hebrew€Bible,€shepherds€generallyÐ .h)5 Ðsymbolize€monarchs€or€rulers.[12]€Thus,€the€targum€naturallyÏtakes€the€shepherds€of€Zechariah€to€be€kings,€not€priests.[13]ÏThe€objection€that€it€was€the€priests,€not€civil€leaders,€whoÏwere€in€charge€of€Yehud€in€the€Persian€period,€priests€havingÏascended€to€governmental€hegemony,€is€now€known€to€beÏoverstated.[14]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ˜è Ðñ*ñ€It€is€in€not€pursuing€far€enough€the€insight€that€the€shepherdsÏincluded€civil€leaders€that€Redditt€can€be€faulted.€If€theÏantishepherd€passages€were€originally€aimed€at€civil€authorities,Ïthe€possibility€of€their€having€been€authored€by€members€ofÏJerusalem's€religious€leadership€is€open.€Although€Redditt€doesÏnot€allow€for€such€a€dispute€within€the€establishment€itselfÏlying€behind€the€shepherd€texts,€this€kind€of€background€seemsÏlikely,€given€what€we€can€infer€about€the€tradents€ofÏZechariah.[15]€That€their€position€was€originally€bothÏrationalistically€royalist€and€strongly€supportive€of€the€centralÏtemple€worship€is€clear€from€the€texts€of€Proto-Zechariah.[16]ÏFurther,€several€features€of€Zechariah€9-14€indicate€that€theÏperduring€Zecharian€group€continued€to€support€Yehud's€centralÏinstitutions€from€a€priestly€standpoint.€Central€priestlyÏlanguage,€motifs,€and€concerns€are€apparent€in€Zechariah€9-14Ï(e.g.,€in€Zech€9:7;€13:1,2;€14:16-19,20-21)€as€is€continuedÏdependence€on€the€Zion€traditions€of€the€Jerusalem€establishmentÏ(Zech€9:8,€12;€12:3,8;€13:1,€14:10,16).[17]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  pÀ Ðñ*ñ€It€should€further€be€emphasized€that€Deutero-Zechariah'sÏcritique€of€Yehud's€civic€shepherds€cannot€be€taken€as€evidenceÏof€any€movement€of€the€group€away€from€the€messianism€of€ZechÏ3:8;€4;€6:12;€9:9-10.€Deutero-Zechariah's€critique€of€past€andÏpresent€rulers€was€extended€to€predict€a€coming€antishepherd,€butÏthis€development€need€not€have€caused€the€group€to€abandon€theirÏpositive€messianic€hope.€A€group€may€expect€the€coming€of€bothÏgood€and€evil€messiah€figures.€Indeed,€such€a€double€belief€liesÏbehind€several€later€messianic€texts€which€use€Zechariah'sÏantishepherd€motif.€For€example,€the€idea€of€an€antishepherd€isÏsurely€an€important€part€of€the€background€of€the€NT'sÏeschatological€"antichrist"€((Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€inÏASCII€text))€(e.g.,€in€1€John€2:18;€cf.€Mark€13:22;€Rev€13:1-10).€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  `"°& Ðñ*ñ€Like€these€later€writings,€the€texts€of€Zechariah€probablyÏcombine€a€pessimistic€view€of€civil€leaders€with€an€expectationÏof€a€messiah.€Comparison€should€be€made€with€Jer€23:1-8,€whichÏattacks€the€shepherd€rulers€of€Judah€(vv€1-3)€but€also€looksÏforward€to€the€"Branch,"€the€coming€righteous€Davidide€(vv€3-6).ÏThus,€against€Redditt,€the€conduct€of€Yehud's€present€leadersÏneed€not€have€compromised€expectations€of€a€coming€messiah.[18]ÏIndeed,€the€next€part€of€this€essay€argues€that€messianismÏcontinued€to€be€important€in€the€final€major€redaction€ofÏZechariah€12-14.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ø*H&1 Ðñ*ñ€€€€€€€€€II.€The€Canonical€Shape€of€Zechariah€11:17€+€13:7-9ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ˆ,Ø'3 Ðñ*ñ€A.€The€New€Literary€Context€of€the€Shepherd€Material€ñ*ñÐ .h)5 Їñ*ññ*ñÐ  .h)5 Ðñ*ñ€At€a€second€level,€Zech€13:7-9€must€be€read€as€a€text€dislocatedÏfrom€its€original€moorings€in€association€with€Zechariah€11€andÏplaced€within€a€new€context€in€Zechariah€12-14.€AlthoughÏZechariah€12-14€is€by€no€means€a€unified€composition,€theseÏchapters€should€be€read€as€a€coherent€body€with€a€logicalÏorganization.€This€so-called€Trito-Zecharian€section€is€markedÏoff€and€introduced€by€the€formula€(Greek€text€cannot€be€convertedÏin€ASCII€text)€(`The€burden€of€the€word€of€Yahweh€concerningÏIsrael').€The€superscription€is€followed€by€a€hymnic€descriptionÏof€Yahweh€reminiscent€of€the€language€of€Second€Isaiah.€ThisÏprefatory€material€of€Zech€12:1€separates€chaps.€9-11€and€12-14Ïas€literary€contexts€for€the€shepherd€materials€in€Zechariah.ÏWithin€these€separate€settings,€the€materials€now€functionÏindependently,€and€this€has€important€implications€for€theirÏinterpretation.[19]€For€example,€11:€15-17€and€13:7-9€cannot€beÏtaken€as€parallel€introductions€to€Zechariah's€VolkersturmÏpassages€(chaps.€12€and€14).€Literary€parallels€to€13:7-9€mustÏnow€be€found€within€the€structure€of€chaps.€12-14.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  øH  Ðñ*ñ€The€material€of€Zechariah€12-14€itself€forms€a€broad€chiasticÏpattern.[20]€The€chiasm€has€descriptions€of€the€eschatologicalÏwar€and€the€final€victory€of€Israel€at€its€outer€extremesÏ(12:1-9;€14),€and€descriptions€of€purification€and€return€to€GodÏin€its€middle€section€(12:10-13:1;€13:7-9).€The€structuralÏmidpoint€of€the€chiasm€is€the€picture€of€cleansing€away€idolatryÏand€false€prophecy€in€13:2-6.ñ*ñÌÌÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  8ˆ ÐÐ  È Ðñ*ñZechariah€13:7-9€plays€an€important€role€within€this€new€context.ÏFollowing€Trito-Zechariah's€central€section€on€cleansing€fromÏidolatry€and€false€prophecy,€this€text€nicely€balances€12:10-13:1Ïby€repeating€the€themes€of€purification€and€return.€Zech€12:Ï10-14€describes€the€changes€in€the€Jerusalem€community€followingÏthe€eschatological€battle.€God's€spirit€is€poured€out€on€theÏhouse€of€David€and€on€Jerusalem€(v€10),€and€there€is€a€spirit€ofÏmourning€in€all€of€the€city.€Similarly,€13:7-9€describes€a€newÏspirit€in€the€Jerusalem€community,€brought€about€by€tribulation.ÏThe€eschatological€testings€issue€in€a€renewal€of€the€covenant.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  `"°& Ðñ*ñ€Even€more€importantly,€13:7-9€now€mediates€the€logicalÏcontradictions€between€the€descriptions€of€the€eschatologicalÏbattle€at€the€outer€extremes€of€the€Trito-Zecharian€chiasm.ÏZechariah€14€repeats€chap.€12's€description€of€the€eschatologicalÏVolkersturm€attacking€Jerusalem,€but€it€depicts€the€eventÏdifferently.€In€Zecharia:€14,€Zion€theology€is€actually€modifiedÏin€such€a€way€that€Jerusalem€is€allowed€to€be€captured€before€GodÏintervenes€on€her€behalf.€Houses€are€plundered,€women€areÏravished,€and€half€of€the€city€is€even€exiled€(Zech€14:2).€OnlyÏafter€this€travail€is€the€millennial€era€ushered€in€forÏJerusalem.€Zech€13:7-9€introduces€this€new€picture€in€chap.€14€byÏproviding€a€sharpened€perspective€and€a€more€"pessimistic"€viewÏof€the€final€times.[21]€The€pericope€replaces€water€(Zech€13:1)Ïwith€fire€as€the€instrument€of€eschatological€purification,€andÐ .h)5 Ðit€announces€that€the€new€Jerusalem€will€be€inhabited€only€by€aÏremnant.€Responding€to€Hubert€Junker's€view€of€13:7-9€as€"aÏshorter€parallel€to€chap.€14"€which€perhaps€introduces€chap.€14Ïby€anticipating€the€main€contents€of€the€following€narrative,ÏPloger€finds€that€13:7-9€is€"more€than€just€a€parallel,"€that€itÏis€"the€divine€announcement€of€what€is€depicted€in€chap.€14."[22]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ˜è Ðñ*ñ€B.€The€New€Messianic€Meaning€of€Zechariah€13:7-9€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ( x Ðñ*ñ€Placement€of€Zech€13:7-9€within€its€new€Trito-Zecharian€contextÏinvolved€a€redactional€reinterpretation€of€Zechariah€13'sÏshepherd.€The€shepherd€of€13:7-9€is€now€to€be€interpreted€not€asÏthe€anti-David€in€11:€15-17,€but€as€a€figure€within€the€contextÏof€a€more€positive€messianic€expectation€(as€in€Zech€3:8;Ï6:12-14;€9:9-10;€10:4).€In€contrast€to€the€"antishepherd"Ïimprecation,€this€new€context€holds€out€bright€hopes€for€theÏDavidides.€Thus,€12:8€envisages€a€millennial€Davidic€reign€inÏwhich€the€house€of€David€will€be€(Greek€text€cannot€be€convertedÏin€ASCII€text),€i.e.,€like€God€in€the€view€of€the€inhabitants€ofÏJerusalem.€Then€Zech€12:10€and€13:1€describe€a€millennialÏpurification€and€cleansing€of€the€house€of€David,€again€holdingÏout€a€positive€Davidic€expectation€in€the€face€of€presentÏcorruption€within€the€civil€government€of€Yehud.[23]€ThisÏemphasis€on€the€house€of€David€in€chap.€12€hints€at€the€hope€forÏa€Davidic€king,€although€this€hope€is€not€explicit.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  pÀ Ðñ*ñ€Reading€Trito-Zechariah€as€an€intentionally€shaped€text€leadsÏone€to€consider€whether€the€anticipated€shepherd-king€of€ZechÏ13:7-9€might€not€be€one€of€Zechariah€12's€cleansed,€goodÏDavidides.€However,€if€P.€Lamarche€is€correct,€the€chiasticÏstructure€of€these€chapters€provides€even€more€precise€guidanceÏfor€understanding€this€shepherd.€Thus,€looking€toward€ourÏpericope's€parallel,€12:10-13:1,€is€a€logical€move€in€pursuingÏthe€identity€of€the€shepherd€in€Zechariah€13.[24]€What€is€foundÏin€12:10-13:1€is€a€description€of€someone's€death€as€anÏaffliction€which€issues€in€mourning€and€cleansing.€The€"piercedÏone"€of€12:10€is€not€identified,€but€it€is€clear€that€hisÏmartyrdom€leads€to€purification€of€the€inhabitants€of€Jerusalem.ÏZech€13:7-9€not€only€balances€this€section€thematically€but€alsoÏhas€a€parallel€structure€involving€a€pattern€of€afflictionÏfollowed€by€purification€and€return.€Since,€the€shepherd's€deathÏin€these€verses,€thus€interpreted,€appears€as€a€tragedy€to€beÏmourned,€the€figure's€identity€as€a€good€shepherd€is€indicated.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  €%Ð * Ðñ*ñ€Given€the€arguments€above,€Redditt's€view€that€13:7€still€dealsÏwith€the€punishment€of€a€sinful€shepherd€is€not€tenable.[25]€AsÏH.€Gese€argues,€13:7€now€describes€a€martyrdom€of€theÏeschatological€good€shepherd€or€Davidic€king.€Zech€13:7-9,€readÏin€conjunction€with€the€martyrdom€of€Zechariah€12€and€theÏdescriptions€of€apocalyptic€tribulation€in€chap.€14,€picturesÏYahweh€calling€forth€the€birth€pangs€of€the€new€Israel,€not€aÏpunishment.[26]€Zech€13:8-9's€description€of€these€birth€pangs,Ïof€the€refining€and€weeding€which€will€leave€a€pure€remnant,Ïrepresents€an€intensification€of€the€cleansing€described€inÐ .h)5 Ð13:1-6.€A€more€severe€purification,€initiated€by€the€shepherd'sÏdeath,€is€now€declared€necessary.€The€remnant€which€will€enjoyÏthe€millennial€blessings€of€Zechariah€14€will€emerge€only€from€aÏfiery€eschatological€trial.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  X Ðñ*ñ€The€shaping€of€Zech€13:7-9€described€above€resulted€in€theÏpericope's€becoming€an€additional€messianic€picture€inÏTrito-Zechariah.€The€titles€of€the€shepherd€easily€took€on€newÏmeaning€in€this€regard,€indicating€endearment€to€God€andÏcooperation€with€his€plans.€The€term€(Greek€text€cannot€beÏconverted€in€ASCII€text)€(`my€shepherd')€in€13:7€was€nowÏunderstood€as€indicating€God's€special€favor€and€love€for€thisÏshepherd.€Similarly,€the€phrase€(Greek€text€cannot€be€convertedÏin€ASCII€text),€(`my€associate')€in€the€parallel€colon€took€onÏthe€meaning€of€the€shepherd's€special€closeness€to€God.[27]€Thus,ÏGese€reads€the€phrase€as€an€honorific€title€held€by€the€trueÏDavidide€who€belongs€to€Yahweh€and€is€enthroned€as€God's€son.[28]ÏIn€its€present€position,€following€the€statement€of€12:8€that€theÏhouse€of€David€will€be€like€God€((Greek€text€cannot€be€convertedÏin€ASCII€text)),€this€phrase€can€even€be€read€as€one€suggestingÏthat€the€shepherd€is€no€mere€mundane€ruler.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  P  Ðñ*ñ€C.€Use€of€Zechariah€13:7-9€by€Mark€and€Later€Interpreters€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  à0 Ðñ*ñ€Later€interpreters€who€read€Zech€13:7-9€as€a€text€lookingÏforward€to€a€coming€good€shepherd€have€correctly€judged€theÏmeaning€of€this€text€in€its€canonical€form.€That€the€shepherdÏmotifs€in€Zechariah€11€and€13€were€not€originally€intended€to€beÏmessianic€did€not€preclude€their€canonical€shaping€as€a€messianicÏoracle€involving€God's€shepherd€smitten€for€the€sheep.€Nor€did€itÏpreclude€their€interpretation€in€this€fashion€in€the€firstÏcentury.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  è8 Ðñ*ñ€It€has€been€shown€that€13:7-9,€in€its€present€secondaryÏposition,€has€lost€its€original€function€as€an€expansion€ofÏ11:15-17€and€has€had€its€connection€with€the€worthless€shepherdÏweakened.€The€shepherd€of€13:7-9€can€now€be€read€not€as€an€evilÏfigure€but€as€one€who€cooperates€with€God's€purpose€of€scatteringÏthe€sheep€so€that€they€may€be€purified€by€suffering.[29]€That€theÏNT€identified€Jesus€with€this€shepherd€is€not€unusual,€given€hisÏpresentation€elsewhere€as€the€Shepherd€of€Israel€(e.g.,€MarkÏ6:34;€John€10:1-16).[30]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ¸$ ) Ðñ*ñ€In€quoting€from€Zechariah€13,€the€NT€shows€its€dependence€onÏearly€Jewish€apocalyptic€expectations.€For€the€NT€writers,Ïrealized€eschatology€is€already€at€issue€in€the€ministry€andÏpassion€of€Jesus.€Mark€14:27€(paralleled€by€Matt€26:31;€cf.€JohnÏ16:32)€quotes€our€passage€with€reference€to€the€death€of€ChristÏand€the€scattering€of€the€disciples.[31]€Here,€Mark€wants€toÏpresent€Jesus'€death€on€the€cross€as€pivotal€in€God'sÏeschatological€dealings€with€humanity.€By€using€Zechariah,€MarkÏplaces€the€passion€within€the€context€of€the€eschatological€timeÏof€fulfillment.€Mark's€use€of€the€first€person€future€(Greek€textÏcannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€(`I€will€strike')€isÐ .h)5 Ðsignificant€in€this€regard.[32]€The€change€to€"I€[God]€willÏsmite"€emphasizes€that€it€is€God€who€is€performing€hisÏeschatological€work€in€Jesus'€passion.€It€is€God€who€appointsÏJesus€to€die€on€the€cross,€and€Jesus'€suffering€is€to€beÏunderstood€as€an€act€of€obedience.[33]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  Ð  Ðñ*ñ€Mark's€quotation€from€Zechariah€occurs€within€Mark€14:26-31,€aÏpericope€which€anticipates€the€flight€of€the€disciples€at€theÏtime€of€Jesus'€arrest€(Mark€14:43-50)€and€the€denial€of€PeterÏ(Mark€14:66-72).€Jesus€quotes€Zech€13:7€to€tell€his€disciples€ofÏhis€death€and€of€their€coming€period€of€severe€crisis,€in€whichÏthey€will€be€gripped€by€panic€and€will€scatter,€though€afflictionÏwill€ultimately€bring€salvation.€As€a€flock€scatters€when€theirÏshepherd€disappears,€so€will€Jesus'€disciples€fall€away€after€hisÏdeath.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ   ð  Ðñ*ñ€The€OT€was€drawn€on€to€explain€how€those€faithful€to€the€MessiahÏsuffered€at€the€time€of€the€crucifixion€(see€Luke€2:26,35),€butÏMark€has€more€than€this€in€view€in€quoting€the€text€from€ZechanahÏ13.€Mark€seems€to€collapse€("telescope")€the€agony€of€theÏdisciples€at€the€time€of€the€crucifixion€and€the€eschatologicalÏtravail€which€is€to€precede€the€parousia€(e.g.,€in€MarkÏ13:19,24).€Mark's€reader,€faced€with€the€apocalyptic€woes€of€MarkÏ13,€sees€the€disciples'€crisis€and€scandal€in€Mark€14:26-31€as€aÏforetaste€of€these€eschatological€tribulations:€Jesus'€deathÏinitiates€the€birth€pangs€of€the€new€age.€Through€the€quotationÏfrom€Zechariah,€Mark€depicts€the€death€of€Jesus€as€initiating€theÏeschatological€tribulation€with€which€the€flock's€scatteringÏ(Zech€13:.7)€and€decimation€(Zech€13:8)€are€associated.€MarkÏ14:26-31€does€not€quote€the€remainder€of€Zech€13:7-9€directly,Ïbut€the€Marcan€passage€clearly€has€reference€to€these€verses€asÏwell.[34]€The€disciples'€falling€away€(Mark€14:27,29)€isÏconnected€with€the€tribulation€and€testing€by€fire€in€ZechÏ13:8-.9[35]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  xÈ! Ðñ*ñ€In€Mark€14:28€the€statement€that€the€disciples€would€desertÏJesus€and€would€be€scattered€is€balanced€by€the€promise€thatÏJesus,€after€being€raised,€would€go€before€them€to€Galilee.€TheÏshepherding€term€(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)Ï(`to€go€before')€here€is€probably€a€free€rendering€of€Zech€13:9b,Ïwhich€deals€with€the€final€gathering€of€the€purified€flock€as€theÏpeople€of€God.[36]€Jesus€will€provide€spiritual€leadership€on€theÏway€of€suffering€discipleship€during€the€birth€pangs€of€the€newÏage.[37]€This€way€of€suffering,€however,€leads€to€the€parousia,Ïand€Mark€14:28€points€to€this€final€manifestation€of€the€Son€ofÏMan€with€great€power€and€glory.[38]€Just€as€the€emphasis€of€ZechÏ13:7-9€is€on€the€reception€of€the€remnant,€so€also€in€MarkÏ14:26-28€the€emphasis€is€on€the€promise€in€v€28.€The€outcome,Ïafter€the€remnant€endures€a€fiery€test,€is€that€the€covenantÏpromise€is€given€its€fulfillment€at€the€end€of€time€with€theÏeschatological€return€of€Jesus.[39]€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  À+'2 Ðñ*ñ€[1]€P.€Redditt,€"Israel's€Shepherds:€Hope€and€Pessimism€inÏZechariah€9-14,"€CBQ€51€(1989)€631-42.€Redditt€argues€that€theÐ .h)5 Ðshepherd€materials€of€Zechariah€9-14€are€aimed€against€Judah'sÏleaders€in€general:€"It€is€because€of€Judah's€leaders,€the€entireÏestablishment,€that€the€people€suffer,€and€it€is€upon€the€leadersÏthat€God€will€send€his€judgment"€(p.€637;€see€pp.€632,€639).ÏRedditt€finds€it€likely€that€Zechariah's€shepherds€includedÏpriests€(p.€631).€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ˜è Ðñ*ñ€[2]€Redditt€sees€the€shepherd€passages€as€indicative€of€a€trend,Ïevident€at€least€in€the€principal€redaction€of€Zechariah€9-14,Ïtoward€abandoning€the€Zecharian€tradition's€messianism.€AccordingÏto€Redditt,€this€trend€involved€a€pessimism€about€the€house€ofÏDavid€and€an€eXpectation€that€Yehud's€leadership€would€have€to€beÏcleansed€and€purged€before€Jerusalem€would€be€sanctifiedÏ("Shepherds,"€632,€639,€641).€He€states€that€"the€thirdÏ[shepherd]€passage€was€split€off€from€the€other€two€[10:2-3a;Ï11:1-17]€and€placed€next€to€materials€envisioning€an€attack€uponÏJerusalem.€In€its€current€setting€the€third€shepherd€passageÏprovided€an€answer€as€to€why€God€would€send€the€nations€to€attackÏhis€people,€namely,€because€of€the€sin€of€the€shepherds"Ï("Shepherds,"€636).€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ˆØ Ðñ*ñ€[3]€H.€Ewald,€Die€Propheten€des€Alten€Bundes€(Stuttgart:€A.ÏKrabbe,€1840)€1.€308-24.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  à0 Ðñ*ñ€[4]€E.g.,€J.€Wellhausen,€"Zechariah,€Book€of,"€EncyclopaediaÏBiblica€(ed.€T.€Cheyne;€New€York:€Macmillan,€1903)€4.€5393;€A.ÏBentzen,€Introduction€to€the€Old€Testament€(2d€ed.;€Copenhagen:ÏGad.€1952)€2.€158;€A.€Weiser,€The€Old€Testament:€Its€FormationÏand€Development€(New€York:€Association,€1961)€274;€L.€Meyer,€``AnÏAllegory€concerning€the€Monarchy:€Zech€11:4-17;€13:7-9,"ÏScripture€in€History€and€Theology:€Essays€in€Honor€of€J.€CoertÏRylaarsdam€(PTMS€17;€ed.€A.€Merrill€and€T.€Overholt;€Pittsburgh:ÏPickwick,€1977)€234;€R.€Mason,€The€Books€of€Haggai,€Zechariah€andÏMalachi€(Cambridge€Bible€Commentary;€Cambridge:€CambridgeÏUniversity,€1977)€110;€P.€Hanson,€The€Dawn€of€ApocalypticÏ(Philadelphia:€Fortress,€1979)€338-39,€344,€348.€W.€RudolphÏplaces€Zech€13:7-9€after€Zech€11:€14,€connecting€it€with€theÏ"good"€shepherd€("the€Messiah")€of€Zech€11:4-14,€rasher€then€theÏfalse€shepherd€of€Zech€11:15-17€(Haggai--Sacharja€1-8--SacharjaÏ9-14--Maleachi€[KAT€13/4;€Gutersloh:€Mohn,€1976]€212-15).€SomeÏscholars€do€not€follow€Ewald€at€all,€however.€K.€Elliger€keepsÏthe€passages€distinct€(Das€Buch€der€zwolf€kleinen€Propheten€2Ï[ATD€25;€Gottingen:€Vandenhoeck€&€Ruprecht,€1950]€165-67).€SeeÏalso€O.€Eissfeldt,€The€Old€Testament:€An€Introduction€(New€York:ÏHarper€&€Row,€1965)€438;€G.€Fohrer,€Introduction€to€the€OldÏTestament€(Nashville:€Abingdon,€1968)€468;€R.€Dentan,€"The€BookÏof€Zechariah,€Chapters€9-14:€Introduction€and€Exegesis,"€IB€6.Ï1109.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  h)¸$/ Ðñ*ñ€[5]€In€addition€to€Zech€13:7-9,€Trito-Zechariah€contains€anotherÏpoetic€fragment€in€12:1.€Note€that€because€this€part€of€the€bookÏcontains€poetry€with€chaotic€meter€and€prose€sections€that€areÏborderline€poetry,€caution€is€needed€in€isolating€poetry€withinÏZechariah€12-14.€BHS€takes€much€of€chap.€14€as€poetic,€evenÐ .h)5 Ðthough€any€parallelism€in€this€chapter€would€have€to€beÏconsidered€merely€synthetic€for€the€most€part.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  xÈ Ðñ*ñ€[6]€"The€subject€master€of€12:10-13:6€is€the€purgation€ofÏJerusalem.€By€contrast,€13:7€seems€to€reach€back€to€the€woeÏoracle€in€11:17€and€continues€to€depict€the€devastation€wroughtÏby€the€sword€mentioned€there's€(Redditt,€"Shepherds,"€634).€SeeÏalso€Hanson,€Down.€338.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ( x Ðñ*ñ€[7]€"Verse€7a€seems€to€repeat€the€message€of€11:17€rather€thanÏcontinue€it,€and€7b-8€seems€to€be€a€commentary€on€the€phraseÏ4flock€doomed€to€be€slain'€(11:4€and€7).€The€addition€could€haveÏdeveloped€as€an€elaboration€on€the€catchword€hereb€("sword").€ItÏwould€have€arisen€from€the€sense€that€11:4-17€had€not€finishedÏthe€story€by€leaving€unaddressed€the€specific€question€of€theÏfate€of€the€faithful"€(Hanson,€Dawn,€338).€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  h¸  Ðñ*ñ€[8]€Comparison€should€be€made€with€the€writings€of€Ezekiel,Ïwhich€from€the€beginning€were€probably€written€compositionsÏcontaining€complex€oracles€and€symbolic€acts.€For€discussion,€seeÏR.€R.€Wilson,€"Ezekiel,"€Harper's€Bible€Commentary€(SanÏFrancisco:€Harper€&€Row,€1988)€656-58;€R.€North,€"Prophecy€toÏApocalyptic€via€Zechariah,"€Congress€Volume€Uppsala,€1971€(VTSupÏ22;€Leiden:€Brill,€1972)€71.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  ¨ø Ðñ*ñ€[9]€"Nothing€is€said€here€about€the€way€in€which€the€shepherdÏcarries€out€his€office.€Neither€ro€i€(which€is€used€in€I€1:17€andÏof€Cyrus€in€Isa€44:28)€nor€geber€amiti€implies€goodness€in€theÏsense€of€a€benevolent€concern€for€the€flock,€Israel,€but€only€theÏdirection€and€control€of€Yahweh,€who€uses€such€a€shepherd€toÏaccomplish€his€purposes€with€his€people"€(Meyer,€"An€Allegory,"Ï235).€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  è8 Ðñ*ñ€[10]€This€crux€interpretum€has€occupied€the€attention€of€manyÏscholars.€Over€forty€identifications€have€been€suggested€for€theÏthree€shepherds€of€Zech€11:8€alone.€See€the€discussion€in€H.€G.ÏMitchell,€Haggai,€Zechariah,€Malachi€and€Jonah€(ICC;€New€York:ÏScribner's,€1912)€306;€J.€G.€Baldwin,€Haggai,€Zechariah,€MalachiÏ(Tyndale€OT€Commentaries;€London:€Tyndale,€1972)€181;€Meyer,€"AnÏAllegory,"€233€nn.€27,€28.€ñ*ñÌÌñ*ññ*ñÐ  (#x' Ðñ*ñ€[11]€See€Wellhausen,€"Zechariah,"€5395.€O.€Ploger€and€P.€HansonÏpresent€a€continuation€of€this€view€in€which€the€evil€shepherdsÏin€Deutero-Zechariah€are€seen€as€the€leaders€of€a€postexilicÏhierocratic€establishment.€Ploger€states€that€in€the€framework€ofÏthe€"Jewish€theocracy"€there€is€nothing€to€preclude€thinking€ofÏthe€high€priest€as€the€shepherd€attacked€in€Zech€13:7-9.€"ThisÏearthly€pinnacle€of€the€theocracy€is€overturned€by€YahwehÏhimself"€(Theocracy€and€Eschatology€[Richmond,€VA:€John€Knox,Ï1968]€88).€Similarly,€Hanson€argues€that€Zech€11:4-17€+€13:7-9Ïstems€from€a€struggle€between€visionary€and€hierocratic€elementsÏand€that€it€represents€an€attack€on€the€leaders€of€the€templeÏcult€(Dawn,€342,€345-54).€Note€that€in€contrast€to€Ploger€andÏHanson,€Redditt€goes€to€some€trouble€to€distance€himself€fñ+ñrom€theÐ .h)5 Ðposition€that€Zechariah's€evil€shepherds€can€be€equated€with€aÏso-called€hierocratic€leadership.€He€identifies€the€shepherds€asÏthe€human€leaders€of€the€people--the€entire€establishment:€"AsÏChilds€has€pointed€out,€the€allegory€manifestly€owes€as€much€orÏmore€to€Ezekiel€34€[where€it€is€the€kings€who€are€theÏ`shepherds']€...€as€to€Trito-Isaiah.€The€shepherds€in€ZechariahÏ9-14€appear€to€be€leaders€in€general;€they€are€never€specificallyÏidentified"€("Shepherds,"€631).€ÌÌ€[12]€For€ro€eh€or€some€other€word€for€shepherd€as€a€specificallyÏroyal€title€in€ancient€Near€Eastern€literature€and€in€the€HebrewÏBible,€see€Meyer,€"An€Allegory,"€228-29.€Relevant€examples€can€beÏfound€in€Num€27:15-23;€2€Sam€5:2;€Jer€23:4-5;€Ezek€34:23-24;Ï37:24;€Mic€5:1-3;€Ps€78:70-72;€also€ANET€164,€443.€ÌÌ€[13]€See€the€targum€on€Zech€10:2,3;€11:3;€13:7€(A.€SperberÏ[ed.],€The€Bible€in€Aramaic€[Leiden:€Brill,€1962]€3.€491,492,Ï496).€For€English€translations,€see€K.€Cathcart€and€R.€Gordon,ÏThe€Targum€of€the€Minor€Prophets€(The€Aramaic€Bible€14;ÏWilmington,€DE:€Glazier,€1989)€208,€211,€222.€ÌÌ€[14]€This€view€was€held€by€J.€Wellhausen,€who€argued€that€theÏpostexilic€period€marked€the€final€entrenchment€of€the€rulingÏpriestly€party;€this€assumption€of€increasing€postexilic€priestlyÏhegemony€lies€behind€his€theory€that€Zerubbabel€has€dropped€outÏof€the€text€as€the€one€crowned€in€Zech€6:9-15,€with€consequentÏelevation€of€the€high€priest€in€this€passage€(Die€KleinenÏPropheten€ubersetzt€und€erklart€[3d€ed.;€Berlin:€Georg€Reimer,Ï1898]€185).€This€position€is€taken€up€by€Hanson,€who€states€thatÏ"the€downfall€of€Zerubbabel€was€used€to€increase€the€power€andÏprestige€of€the€high€priest,€leading€to€the€exclusive€rule€of€theÏZadokites€over€the€post-exilic€Jewish€community"€(Dawn.€258,Ï262).€There€are€several€significant€problems€with€thisÏreconstruction.€Neh€3:7€and€5:15€indicate€that€various€civilÏgovernors€ruled€the€restoration€community€long€after€the€tenureÏof€Zerubbabel€(see€G.€Widengren,€"The€Persian€Period,"€IsraeliteÏand€Judaean€History€[OTL;€ed.€J.€H.€Hayes€and€J.€M.€Miller;ÏPhiladelphia:€Westminster,€1977]€522;€A.€van€der€Woude,Ï"Serubbabel€und€die€messianischen€Erwartungen€des€ProphetenÏSacharja,"€ZAW€100€[1988]€supplement,€139€n.€2,€148;€also€theÏbibliographic€references€in€J.€O'Brien,€Priest€and€Levite€inÏMalachi€[SBLDS€121;€Atlanta:€Scholars,€1990]€118).€In€Neh€5:15€weÏhave€Nehemiah's€statement:€"The€former€governors€who€were€beforeÏme€laid€burdens€on€the€people€and€took€from€them€bread€and€wine€.Ï.€.€even€their€servants€domineered€the€people."€Mal€1:8€indicatesÏthat€a€governor€was€still€in€power€cat€520-400€B.C.€The€YehuditeÏseals€and€coins€published€by€N.€Avigad€lend€support€to€theÏbiblical€data,€refuting€the€idea€that€Yehud€was€hierocraticallyÏmanaged€in€the€Persian€period€(Bullae€and€Seals€from€aÏPost-Exilic€Judean€Archive€[Qedem€4;€Jerusalem:€Hebrew€UniversityÏInstitute€of€Archaeology,€1976]).€Other€governors€of€YehudÏbetween€Zerubbabel€and€Nehemiah€known€from€the€seals€and€jarÏhandles€include€Elnathan,€Yeho€ezer,€and€Ahzai€(local€Yehudites).ÏFor€discussion,€see€J.€M.€Miller€and€J.€H.€Hayes,€A€History€ofÐ .h)5 ÐAncient€Israel€and€Judah€(Philadelphia:€Westminster,€1986)€462;ÏP.€Ackroyd,€"Archaeology,€Politics€and€Religion:€The€PersianÏPeriod,"€Iliff€Review€39€(1982)€11-12;€S.€E.€McEvenue,€"TheÏPolitical€Structure€in€Judah€from€Cyrus€to€Nehemiah,"€CBQ€43Ï(1981)€361;€C.€L.€Meyers€and€E.€M.€Meyers,€Haggai,€Zechariah€1-8Ï(AB€25B;€Garden€City,€NY:€Doubleday,€1987)€x1,€12-14,€370;ÏWidengren,€"Persian€Period,"€502,€510.€E.€M.€Meyers€argues€thatÏat€least€one€of€these€governors€may€have€married€into€the€houseÏof€David€("The€Shelomith€Seal€and€Aspects€of€the€JudeanÏRestoration:€Some€Additional€Reconsiderations,"€ErIsr€17€[1985]Ï33-38).€ÌÌ€[15]€It€is€quite€possible€for€the€sociological€situation€behindÏa€protoapocalyptic€text€like€Zech€13:7-9€to€involve€a€disputeÏwithin€the€establishment€itself.€For€discussion€of€millennialismÏinvolving€a€socially€endogenous€conflict€in€which€both€sidesÏappeal€to€traditional,€central€values,€see€W.€La€Barre,€The€GhostÏDance:€Origins€of€Religion€(Garden€City,€NY:€Doubleday,€1970)Ï278.€Also€see€R.€R.€Wilson's€discussion€of€the€way€strife€withinÏan€establishment€can€lead€to€the€formation€of€a€millenarian€groupÏ(Prophecy€and€Society€in€Ancient€Israel€(Philadelphia:€Fortress,Ï1980]€83).€ÌÌ€[16]€Research€for€my€dissertation€at€Yale€University€under€R.€R.ÏWilson€has€furnished€strong€indications€that€the€ZecharianÏmessianic€group€was€part€of€the€postexilic€priestlyÏestablishment.€Proto-Zechariah's€major€stress€on€a€diarchicÏpolity€betrays€the€group's€royalist€hope€for€a€messianic€DavidideÏ(e.g.,€in€Zechariah€4).€The€central€priestly€provenance€of€theÏProto-Zecharian€group's€messianism€can€be€inferred€fromÏZechariah's€priestly€lineage€(Zech€1:1;€Ezra€5:1;€6:14),€from€theÏorganizing€principles€and€the€symbolism€of€Zechariah€1-8,€whichÏclearly€reflect€the€architecture€and€liturgy€of€the€central€cultÏ(e.g.,€in€Zech€2:1€-2;€2:9;€3;€and€4),€and€from€Zechariah'sÏideology,€which,€among€other€things,€includes€a€strong€emphasisÏon€Zion€theology€(e.g.,€in€Zech€2:14,16;€4:7;€8:2-3).€ÌÌ€[17]€See€C.€Stuhlmueller,€Rebuilding€with€Hope:€A€Commentary€onÏthe€Books€of€Haggai€and€Zechariah€(ITC;€Grand€Rapids:€Eerdmans,Ï1988)€142-45;€R.€Mason,€"The€Relation€of€Zech€9-14€toÏProto-Zechariah,"€ZAW€88€(1976)€227-31.€It€is€unclear€why€ReddittÏwas€unable€to€"uncover€any€reason€within€Zechariah€9-14€toÏconsider€the€group€behind€these€chapters€to€have€been€priestly"Ï("Shepherds,"€632;€cf.€p.€640).€ÌÌ€[18]€Redditt€states:€"The€shepherd€allegory€attacks€the€keyÏfeatures€of€9:1-10€and€9:€11-10:1,€10:3b-12:€the€characteristicsÏof€any€future€king€and€the€reunion€of€Israel€and€Judah.€InsteadÏof€seeing€a€future€David€characterized€by€peacefulness,Ïrighteousness,€and€lowliness,€the€allegory€depicts€shepherds€whoÏdevour€their€people.€Indeed,€11:17€pronounces€a€woe€upon€theÏshepherd"€("Shepherds,"€635).€Redditt€finds€that€the€redactors€ofÏZechariah€9-14€(who€made€important€use€of€the€shepherd€passages)Ïwere€quite€pessimistic€about€a€coming€of€any€good€shepherd€(seeÐ .h)5 Ð"Shepherds,"€638-40,€641).€ÌÌ€[19]€Despite€Reddin's€arguments€("Shepherds,"€636),€there€is€noÏreason€to€see€the€redactional€arrangement€of€the€shepherdÏmaterials€in€Zechariah€as€later€than€the€time€when€Deutero-€andÏTrito-Zechariah€were€created€and€were€each€supplied€with€(GreekÏtext€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text),€as€a€superscription.€ÌÌ€[20]€See€the€plan€set€out€by€R€Lamarche,€Zacharie€IX-XIV:ÏStructure€litteraire€et€messianisme€(EBib;€Paris:€Gabalda,€1961)Ï112-13.€Note,€however,€that€the€logical€organization€observableÏin€Trito-Zechariah€does€not€seem€to€involve€a€unity€as€highlyÏstructured€as€Lamarche€argues.€ÌÌ€[21]€See€Ploger,€Theocracy,€88.€ÌÌ€[22]€Ibid.,€89.€ÌÌ€[23]€See€Mason,€Zechariah.€117.€ÌÌ€[24]€See€Lamarche,€Zacharie,€108.€Lamarche,€however,€reads€tooÏmuch€of€Second€Isaiah's€suffering€servant€into€Zech€12:10.€ÌÌ€[25]€Redditt,€"Shepherds,"€636.€Mason€holds€a€similar€view:€"NorÏis€the€`shepherd'€of€13:7€to€be€equated€with€the€`good€shepherd.'ÏTraditio-critical€considerations€make€it€clear€that€the€burdenÏhere€is€one€of€judgment€of€Yahweh€against€faithless€leadershipÏand€community€in€the€spirit€of€11:17"€("Relation,"€237).€ÌÌ€[26]€H.€Gese,€"Anfang€und€Ende€der€Apokalyptik,€dargestellt€amÏSacharjabuch,"€ZTK€70€(1973)€46-48.€Compare€the€comment€ofÏDentan:€"The€smiting€is€not€a€punishment€but€a€means€ofÏscattering€the€sheep€and€purifying€them€by€suffering.€The€settingÏis€eschatological€and€the€picture€is€that€of€`the€messianicÏwoes,'€the€`wars€and€rumors€of€wars'€which,€in€the€dramatiCÏscheme€of€late€Jewish€eschatology,€would€precede€the€last€days"Ï("The€Book€of€Zechariah,€1109).€Contrast€Redditt's€comment:€"TheÏshepherd€passage€(13:7-9)€anticipates€and€heightenS€the€elementÏof€punishment€[in€chap.€14]"€("Shepherds,"€634;€cf.€p.€636).€ÌÌ€[27]€Thus€R.€North€states:€"Second-Zechariah€has€some€unexpectedÏnuances€(my€shepherd€and€companion€xiii€7)€which€seem€to€link€theÏshepherd€with€good€and€admirable€figures€in€adjacent€verses€.€.€.Ïthe€pierced€first-born€mourned€in€xii€10;€more€remotely€theÏhumble€victor€king€ix€9"€("Prophecy€to€Apocalyptic,"€51).€Indeed,Ïa€positive€connotation€for€(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€inÏASCII€text)€seems€indicated€by€the€term's€other€occurrences€inÏLeviticus,€where€it€refers€to€an€Israelite's€neighbor€or€fellow.ÏSee€H.-J.€Zobel,€"(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)"ÏTWAT€6.€210-13.€Mason€notes€this€fact€but€concludes€that€the€useÏhere€in€Zech€13:7€is€"ironic"€(Haggai.€Zechariah€and€Malachi.Ï111).€ÌÌ€[28]€Gese,€"Sacharjabuch,"€47.€Ð .h)5 Ї€[29]€See€Stuhlmueller,€Rebuilding€with€Hope,€152-53.€AccordingÏto€J.€Jeremias,€"[Zech€13:7]€is€the€beginning€of€the€purificationÏfrom€which€the€people€of€God€moves€on€as€a€remnant€into€the€timeÏof€salvation,€v€8f.€The€shepherd€whom€the€sword€smites€wasÏoriginally€the€worth€less€shepherd€of€11:15ff.;€in€the€presentÏcontext,€however,€he€can€only€be€the€one€`whom€theyÏpierced'(12:10)€and€whose€death€ushered€in€the€time€of€salvationÏ(13:1-6).€Thus€at€the€end€of€the€OT€shepherd€sayings€there€standsÏan€intimation€of€the€shepherd€who€suffers€death€according€toÏGod's€will€and€who€thereby€brings€about€the€decisive€turn"Ï("(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)"€TDNT€6.€488).€ÌÌ€[30]€See€F.F.€Bruce,€"The€Book€of€Zechariah€and€the€PassionÏNarrative,"€BJRL€43€(1961)€343;€idem,€The€New€TestamentÏDevelopment€of€Old€Testament€Themes€(Grand€Rapids:€Eerdmans,Ï1968)€101.€ÌÌ€[31]€C.€H.€Dodd€has€included€the€last€six€chapters€of€ZechariahÏamong€the€primary€sources€of€testimonies€used€by€the€primitiveÏchurch.€See€his€According€to€the€Scriptures€(New€York:€Scribners,Ï1953)€107.€The€quotation€of€Zechariah€13€in€Mark€14€is€oneÏexample€of€what€is€arguably€a€pervasive€influence€of€ZechariahÏ9-14€on€Mark's€Passion€Narrative.€ÌÌ€[32]€Mark's€OT€text€might€have€contained€a€reading€(Greek€textÏcannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€based€on€a€Vorlage€with€(GreekÏtext€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€(`I€will€surely€strike').ÏSome€LXX€manuscripts€have€this€first€person€reading€which€doesÏlack€the€MT's€problem€of€pairing€a€masculine€imperative€((GreekÏtext€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text))€with€a€feminine€nounÏ((Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)).€More€likely,Ïhowever,€the€Marcan€tradition€is€adapting€(or€distorting)€theÏZecharian€text€in€quoting€it.€See€C.€Cranfield,€The€GospelÏAccording€to€Saint€Mark€(Cambridge€Greek€Testament€Commentary;ÏCambridge:€Cambridge€University,€1959)€428.€Mark's€use€ofÏZechariah€in€general€is€not€done€by€simply€lifting€or€copyingÏspecific€verses€from€Zechariah.€Rather€than€mechanical€quotationsÏfrom€Zechariah,€one€finds€either€Mark€picturing€a€kind€of€midrashÏin€action€(note€the€indirect€uses€of€Zech€9:9€in€Mark€11:1-11€andÏof€Zech€14:20-21€in€Mark€11:15-19)€or€the€Marcan€traditionÏemploying€language€and€imagery€from€Zechariah€without€clearÏreference€to€a€specific€text€of€Zechariah€(note€the€indirect€useÏof€Zech€14:1-9€in€Mark€11:23€and€the€Zecharian€t€background€ofÏthe€descriptions€of€eschatological€woes€in€Mark€13).€ÌÌ€[33]€Jeremias€goes€even€farther,€arguing€that€the€change€toÏ(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€allows€for€aÏtheological€connection€with€Isaiah€53:€"The€smitten€Shepherd€isÏthe€Servant€of€the€Lord.€God€vicariously€lays€on€him€the€judgmentÏwhich€should€have€smitten€the€whole€flock"€("(Greek€text€cannotÏbe€converted€in€ASCII€text)"€493€n.€78)€ÌÌ€[34]€See€Jeremias,€"(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCIIÏtext)"€493;€w.€Lane,€The€Gospel€of€Mark€(NICNT;€Grand€Rapids:Ð .h)5 ÐEerdmans,€1974)€511.€The€unquoted€portion€of€the€passage€inÏZechariah€makes€implicit€in€the€Marcan€text€the€idea€that€only€aÏlittle€flock,€not€the€whole€of€Israel,€will€take€Jesus€as€theirÏleader€(Bruce,€"Zechariah€and€the€Passion€Narrative,"€344).€ÌÌ€[35]€G.€Stahlin€observes€that€"the€(Greek€text€cannot€beÏconverted€in€ASCII€text);€of€which€the€disciples€become€victimsÏ[at€the€time€of€the€crucifixion]€is€already€regarded€as€part€ofÏthe€eschatological€woes"€("(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€inÏASCII€text),"€TDNT€7.€349).€See€also€M.€Wilcox,€"TheÏDenial-Sequence€in€Mark€xiv.26-31,€66-72,€NT5€17€(1970-71)Ï430-31.€The€fire€of€Zech€13:9€is€not€utterly€destructive:€it€is€aÏpurifying€instrument€(see€the€discussion€of€the€semantic€rangesÏof€(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€and€(Greek€textÏcannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€in€M.€Tsevat,€"(Greek€textÏcannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text),"€TDOT2.€69-72).€Such€imagesÏas€"messianic€woes"€and€"wars€and€rumors€of€wars"€in€Mark€13Ïrepresent€a€more€developed€form€of€the€picture€represented€inÏZechariah€13.€ÌÌ€[36]€Jeremias,€"(Greek€text€cannot€be€converted€in€ASCII€text)€"Ï493.€For€an€interpretation€of€Mark€14:28€and€16:7€as€aÏresurrecteon€appearance,€see€Matt€28:16-17.€R.€H.€Stein€arguesÏthat€"Mark€could€not€have€expected€his€readers€to€interpret€[MarkÏ14:28]€as€anything€but€a€reference€to€the€resurrection€appearanceÏto€Peter€[I€Cor€15:5;€John€21],€("A€Short€Note€on€Mark€xiv€28€andÏxvi€7,"€NT5€20€[1974]€452).€1f€Mark€14:28€still€makes€referenceÏto€the€Zecharian€text,€however,€there€is€more€to€this€verse€thanÏjust€the€immediate€promise€of€a€postresurrection€appearance.€ZechÏ13:9€has€the€actual€inauguration€of€the€new€age€in€view.€ÌÌ€[37]€For€the€interpretation€of€Mark€14:28€as€referring€toÏChrist's€spiritual€presence€in€the€mission€to€the€Gentiles,€seeÏE.€C.€Hoskyns,€"Adversaria€Exegetica,"€Theology€7€(1923)€147-55;ÏC€F€Evans,€"I€Will€Go€before€You€into€Galilee,"€JTS€ns€5€(1954)Ï3-18;€and€T.€Burkill,€Mystirious€Revelation€An€Examination€of€theÏPhilosophy€of€St.€Mark's€Gospel€(Ithaca,€NY:€Cornell€University,Ï1963)€252-57.€For€the€argument€that€the€verse€calls€Mark'sÏreaders€to€follow€Jesus€on€the€way€of€suffering,€see€B.€vanÏIersel,€"`To€Galilee'€or€`in€Galilee'€in€Mark€14,28€and€16,7?"ÏETL€58€(1982)€370.€ÌÌ€[38]€E.€Lohmeyer€first€interpreted€Mark€14:28€as€referring€toÏthe€parousia€(Galilaa€und€Jerusalem€[Gottingen:€Vandenhoeck€&ÏRuprecht,€1936]€10-14).€W.€Marxsen€also€presented€this€view€(DerÏEvangelist€Markus€[Gottingen:€Vandenhoeck€&€Ruprecht,€1959]Ï47-59).€For€references€to€other€scholars€who€have€adopted€thisÏconclusion,€see€Stein,€"Short€Note,"€445€n.€2.€ÌÌ€[39]€H.€Cunliffe-Jones,€A€Word€for€Our€Time?€Zechariah€9-14,€theÏNew€Testament€and€Today€(London:€Athlone,€1973)€5,€10.€ÌÌ€~~~~~~~~ÌÐ .h)5 ЀBy€STEPHEN€L.€COOK€Union€Theological€Seminary€New€York,€NY€10027€ÌÌ€[Go€To€Citation]ÌÌÌÌCopyright€of€Catholic€Biblical€Quarterly€is€the€property€ofÏCatholic€Biblical€Association€of€America€and€its€content€may€notÏbe€copied€without€the€copyright€holder's€express€writtenÏpermission€except€for€the€print€or€download€capabilities€of€theÏretrieval€software€used€for€access.€This€content€is€intendedÏsolely€for€the€use€of€the€individual€user.€€Source:€CatholicÏBiblical€Quarterly,€July93,€Vol.€55€Issue€3,€p453,€14p.€€ItemÏNumber:€9604084085€€€€€€€Result€27€€€of€33€€€€€€€€ÌÌ€ñ+ñ