CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS OF HESBURGH’S SPEECHES FROM THE 50s AND 60s

This chapter is an analysis of Hesburgh’s fund-raising speeches delivered during the 1950s and 1960s. These include the “Address to Gentlemen Alumni” speech, delivered in June 1958; “Fund-raising for Library,” delivered on September 7, 1960; and “The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant,” delivered in 1961.

“Address to Gentlemen Alumni”: June 1958

“Address to Gentlemen Alumni” was delivered to the alumni of the University of Notre Dame. As the title of the speech suggests, the audience for this speech was only men as this was during the years before women were accepted into the University. The alumni were invited to the University campus to spend a weekend of activities designed to inform them about the state of the University.

In his “Address to Gentlemen Alumni,” Hesburgh updated the alumni on the new buildings that have been added to the campus and stated that these are important to have inasmuch as all university campuses do. He tells the alumni that the University has intangible things that other universities do not have and would find difficult to acquire. These are peace and serenity. He outlines the process of how the University was selected to participate in the Ford Foundation Grant and other fellowships that students received, again telling the alumni that while other Catholic schools were going down, the University of Notre Dame was making physical, financial, and academic progress. He reminds the alumni of the values they learned from the University and applauds them for realizing these values as shown in their everyday lives. He personalizes these values in the story of Jim Cleary from Detroit, who lived and died as a Christian. Hesburgh praises the alumni for their contributions to the University in the past and concludes by challenging them to contribute toward the $666 million, an amount expected to be raised in the current campaign.

In Hesburgh’s “Address to Gentlemen Alumni,” 11 pentadic sets were identified. The pentadic terms and dominant terms for each are identified below.

Pentad 1

Pentad 1, situated in paragraph 1 of page 255, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Returning alumni

Act: Coming back to campus

Agency: Walking around

Purpose: To see what is really happening here

Scene: New building on the University of Notre Dame campus

The agents are the returning alumni who are coming back to campus (act) through the agency of walking around for the purpose of seeing what is really happening here. The scene consists of the new buildings on the University of Notre Dame campus.

Ratios in this pentad and in all other pentads are illustrated as tables showing the pentad numbers and titles.

The dominant term in pentad 1 is agent (Table 3). Agent is the dominant term because the agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of returning alumni requires the act of coming back to campus in that alumni return to a campus from which they graduated. The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of returning alumni requires the agency of walking around. There is no connection in this ratio. The agent-purpose ratio suggests that the agent of returning alumni requires the purpose of seeing what is really happening on campus. This is a weak connection because the alumni may be coming back on campus to watch a sports activity or some other activity, not necessarily to observe what is happening on campus. The agent-scene ratio suggests that the agent of returning alumni requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame campus. Because these are alumni, they are graduates of Notre Dame--hence their return.

Table 3

Pentad 1 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 2

Pentad 2, found in paragraph 1 of page 255, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Blessed Mother

Act: Building new buildings on campus

Purpose: To create greatness

Agency: Divine design

Scene: The University of Notre Dame campus

The agent is the Blessed Mother whose act was building new buildings on campus through the agency of divine design for the purpose of creating greatness at the scene of the University of Notre Dame campus.

The dominant term in pentad 2 is act (Table 4). This is because the act-agent ratio suggests that the act of building new buildings on campus requires the agent of the Blessed Mother in that she is expected to bless whatever takes place on campus. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of building new buildings on campus requires the agency of divine design that is a source of the intellectual wisdom necessary for the construction of new buildings on campus. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of building new buildings on campus requires the purpose of creating greatness. Buildings are part of what constitutes greatness of an institution. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of building new buildings on campus requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame campus. This is logical in that there must be a university campus on which to put up new buildings.

Table 4

Pentad 2 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 3

Pentad 3, located in paragraph 2 of page 255 through paragraph 1 of page 256, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Students/alumni

Act: Getting internal transformation

Agency: Special blessing from the Mother of God

Purpose: To become instrumentations of that blessing

Scene: Notre Dame campus

The agents are students or alumni who are getting internal transformation (act) through the agency of special blessings from the Mother of God for the purpose of becoming instrumentations of that blessing. The scene is the University of Notre Dame campus.

Act is the dominant term in pentad 3 (Table 5). The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of getting into the minds and hearts of young men or internal transformation requires the agency of special blessing from the Mother of God in that this is a supernatural activity that humans are not able to perform. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of getting into the minds and hearts of young men or internal transformation requires the purpose of becoming instrumentations of that blessing in that this is the result of internal transformation. The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of getting into the minds and hearts of young men or internal transformation requires the agent of students or alumni in that this process assumes that there are people who must experience internal transformation. This is a weak connection in that anyone can be involved, not only students or alumni. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of getting internal transformation requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame campus. There is no connection between the terms in this ratio because internal transformation can take place anywhere, not necessarily at the University of Notre Dame.

Table 5

Pentad 3 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 4

Pentad 4, situated in paragraph 2 of page 256 through page 258, line 3, consists of the following terms:

Agent: The University of Notre Dame

Act: Beating other schools

Agency: Wilson and Danforth Fellowships

Purpose: To be of high quality

Scene: Competitive educational environment

The University of Notre Dame is the agent that is beating other schools (act) through the agency of the Wilson and Danforth Fellowships for the purpose of maintaining high quality in a competitive educational environment (scene).

Agent is the dominant term in pentad 4 (Table 6). The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the act of beating other schools because this is what a school must do to compete. The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the agency of the Wilson and Danforth Fellowships in that they provide the necessary funds for its programs. The agent-purpose ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the purpose of being of high quality in that this is a criterion that attracts good students. The agent-scene ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the scene of a competitive educational environment in that all universities are in competition to produce the best, and they need a competitive environment to achieve this.

Table 6

Pentad 4 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of being of high quality requires the act of beating other schools because of the high standards that other schools find difficult to attain. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of being of high quality requires the scene of competitive educational environment because such an environment is marked by high standards.

Pentad 5

Pentad 5, located on page 258, paragraph 1, through paragraph 1 of page 259, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame men

Act: Learning to be Christian

Agency: Notre Dame University programs, faculty, facilities

Purpose: To become leaders

Scene: The world

The agents are the Notre Dame men who are learning to be Christian (act) through the agency of the Notre Dame University programs, faculty, and facilities for the purpose of becoming leaders in the world (scene).

Act is the dominant term in pentad 5 (Table 7). The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of learning to be Christian requires the scene of the world in that different situations in the world require Christian approaches. The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of learning to be Christian requires the agent of Notre Dame. Learning to be Christian requires men open to religion and Christianity, as Notre Dame men are. This is a weak connection in that learning to be Christian can be done through many agents and not only Notre Dame. Christianity is open to anyone who is willing to learn. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of learning to be Christian requires the agency of Notre Dame University programs, faculty, and facilities in that learning to be Christian requires means of learning, which Notre Dame programs provide. This is a weak connection in that this act can be accomplished in many different ways. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of learning to be Christian requires the purpose of becoming leaders. There is no connection in that not all leaders learn to be Christian.

Table 7

Pentad 5 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent- Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act- Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of becoming leaders requires the scene of the world in that the world is the place where they practice leadership.

Pentad 6

Pentad 6, situated in paragraph 2 of page 259 through line 10 of page 261, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame alumni

Act: Give something

Agency: Monetary contribution

Purpose: To be a part of building the best

Scene: Current lives of alumni

The agents are Notre Dame alumni who are giving something (act) through the agency of monetary contribution for the purpose of becoming a part of building the best. The scene is the current lives of alumni.

Agent and agency are dominant terms in pentad 6 (Table 8). The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of Notre Dame alumni requires the act of giving something. This is logical; they are expected to give something to their alma mater. The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of Notre Dame alumni requires the agency of monetary contributions in that they need to support their alma mater. The agent-purpose ratio suggests that the agent of Notre Dame alumni requires the purpose of being a part of building the best in that more value added to the institutions is more value added to their degrees. The agent-scene ratio suggests that the agent of Notre Dame alumni requires the scene of the current lives of alumni in that their lives demonstrate Notre Dame values.

Table 8

Pentad 6 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The runner-up term for the dominant term is agency. The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of monetary contribution requires the agent of Notre Dame alumni in that funds are more likely to come from alumni than from individuals not connected to the university. The agency-act ratio suggests that the agency of monetary contribution requires the act of giving something in that there cannot be monetary contribution without giving. There is a strong connection in this ratio. The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of monetary contribution requires a purpose worthy of a monetary contribution, and building the best is one such purpose. The agency-scene ratio suggests that the agency of monetary contribution requires the scene of current lives of alumni in that these are means that make possible monetary contributions.

Pentad 7

Pentad 7, located on line 11 of page 261 through line 11, paragraph 2 of page 262, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Youngsters today

Act: Developing a competitive spirit

Agency: Lessons such as giving 100%

Purpose: To succeed

Scene: Competitive world

Youngsters today are the agents who live in a competitive world (scene). They are developing a competitive spirit (act) through the agency of lessons such as giving 100% for the purpose of succeeding.

Act is the dominant term in pentad 7 (Table 9). The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of developing a competitive spirit requires the purpose of succeeding in that the purpose of competing is to succeed. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of developing a competitive spirit requires the scene of a competitive world in that a competition exists where there are opportunities to compete. A competitive world provides these challenging opportunities. The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of developing a competitive spirit requires the agent of youngsters today. This is a weak connection because competition is not only for young people; elderly people are a part of the competitive world, too. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of developing a competitive spirit requires the agency of lessons such as giving 100%. There is no connection in this ratio; one does not need lessons such as giving 100% to develop a competitive spirit.

The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of succeeding requires the agency of lessons such as giving 100% in that giving 100% is necessary for success. The scene-act ratio suggests that the scene of the competitive world requires the act of developing a competitive spirit. A competitive spirit is essential to succeed in a competitive world.

Table 9

Pentad 7 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 8

Pentad 8, situated on line 11, paragraph 2 of page 262, through paragraph 1 of page 263, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Young man admitted to Notre Dame

Act: Flunked out of Notre Dame

Agency: Not encouraged by his father to perform well and to develop the necessary skills

Purpose: To keep him from having to attend Notre Dame

Scene: Notre Dame campus

The agent is the young man admitted to the University of Notre Dame. He flunked out of the University of Notre Dame (act) through the agency of not being encouraged by his father to perform well and develop the necessary skills so that he would not have to attend the University of Notre Dame (purpose). The scene is the University of Notre Dame campus.

Act is the dominant term in pentad 8 (Table 10). The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of flunking out of Notre Dame requires the agent of a young man admitted to Notre Dame; there must be a student with a poor performance to flunk out of Notre Dame. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of flunking out of Notre Dame requires the agency of not developing the necessary skills. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of flunking out of Notre Dame requires the scene of Notre Dame in that there must be a Notre Dame out of which to flunk. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of flunking out of Notre Dame requires the purpose of keeping the student from having to attend Notre Dame. This is a weak connection because students flunk out of Notre Dame for various reasons--not just because they do not want to attend a particular university.

Table 10

Pentad 8 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of keeping him from having to attend Notre Dame requires the agent of young man admitted to Notre Dame in that he has a desire to be in Notre Dame but for some reason does not meet the criteria to stay. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of keeping him from having to attend Notre Dame requires the agency of not being encouraged by his father to perform well and to develop the necessary skills in that this is a contributing factor in poor academic performance. The scene-agent ratio suggests that the scene of Notre Dame campus requires the agent of young man admitted to Notre Dame. This is logical.

Pentad 9

Pentad 9, located in paragraph 2 of page 263 through paragraph 1 of page 264, consists of the following terms:

Agent: The University of Notre Dame

Act: Pulling out all the stops, surpassing the goals of the fund drive

Agency: Raise more than $666 million

Purpose: To support Notre Dame programs

Scene: Notre Dame campus

The University of Notre Dame is the agent that is pulling out all the stops, surpassing goals of the fund drive (act) through the agency of raising more than $666 million for the purpose of supporting the University of Notre Dame programs. The scene is the University of Notre Dame campus.

The dominant term in pentad 9 is act (Table 11). The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of pulling out all the stops, surpassing the goals of the fund drive, requires an agent capable of raising huge sums, as Notre Dame is. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of pulling out all the stops, surpassing the goals of the fund drive, requires the agency of raising more than $666 million; this is a logical connection in that this amount is greater than the goal of the fund drive. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of pulling out all the stops, surpassing the goals of the fund drive, requires the purpose of supporting Notre Dame programs in that financial support is needed to have effective programs. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of pulling out the stops, surpassing the goals of the fund drive, requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame campus. This is a weaker connection in that other schools that have a fund drive have the same goals of raising more money than the fund drive, but there is a connection in that only certain kinds of universities can expect to surpass their fund-raising goals, and Notre Dame is such a university.

Table 11

Pentad 9 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 10

Pentad 10, situated in paragraph 2 of page 264 through paragraph 2 of page 265, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Jim Cleary

Act: Lived and died as a Christian

Purpose: To embody and model Notre Dame principles

Agency: Order, wholesomeness, goodness, aggressiveness, leadership

Scene: Detroit

Jim Cleary is the agent who lived and died as a Christian (act) through the agency of order, wholesomeness, goodness, aggressiveness, and leadership for the purpose of embodying and modeling Notre Dame principles. The scene is Detroit.

Purpose is the dominant term in pentad 10 (Table 12). The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of embodying and modeling Notre Dame principles requires the act of living and dying as a Christian in that Notre Dame is a Christian university, and these principles are expected to guide individuals as long as they live. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of embodying and modeling Notre Dame principles requires the agency of order, wholesomeness, goodness, aggressiveness, and leadership in that these are necessary characteristics of Christian living. The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of embodying and modeling Notre Dame principles requires the agent of Jim Cleary. Although anyone can embody such principles, Cleary certainly did, so there is a strong connection between the purpose and Cleary’s character. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of embodying and modeling Notre Dame principles requires the scene of Detroit. This is a weak connection as embodying and modeling Notre Dame principles can be practiced anywhere in the world.

The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of living and dying as a Christian requires the agency of order, wholesomeness, goodness, aggressiveness, and leadership in that these are virtues that distinguish Christian living.

Table 12

Pentad 10 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 11

Pentad 11, situated on paragraph 1 of page 266, through to the end of speech, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Men on campus

Act: Walking around Notre Dame campus

Agency: Notre Dame atmosphere

Purpose: To straighten out their lives

Scene: Notre Dame campus

Men on campus are the agents who are walking around Notre Dame campus (act) through the agency of the Notre Dame atmosphere for the purpose of straightening out their lives at the University of Notre Dame campus (scene).

Act is the dominant term in pentad 11 (Table 13). The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of walking around Notre Dame campus requires the agent of men on campus. This is a strong connection in that walking around requires someone to do the walking, and those most likely to be walking in greatest numbers are the male students on the campus. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of walking around Notre Dame campus means that the act will expose the walker to the Notre Dame atmosphere. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of walking around Notre Dame campus requires the scene of University of Notre Dame campus in that there cannot be walking around the Notre Dame campus without that campus. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of walking around Notre Dame campus requires the purpose of straightening out their lives. There is no connection in this ratio as people come to the campus for different reasons and walk for different reasons.

Table 13

Pentad 11 of the Address to Gentlemen Alumni

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Summary of Dominant Terms

The dominant terms in the 11 pentads of “Address to Gentlemen Alumni” are:

1. Act: Building new buildings on campus (Table 4)

Getting internal transformation (Table 5)

Learning to be Christian (Table 7)

Developing a competitive spirit (Table 9)

Flunked out of Notre Dame (Table 10)

Pulling out all the stops--surpassing goals of fund drive (Table 11)

Walking around Notre Dame campus (Table 13)

2. Agent: Returning alumni (Table 3)

The University of Notre Dame (Table 6)

Notre Dame alumni (Table 8)

3. Agency: Monetary contribution (Table 8)

4. Purpose: To embody and model Notre Dame principles (Table 12).

Of the 11 pentadic sets that were identified, act was dominant seven times, agent three times, agency one time, and purpose was the dominant term in one pentad. Act emerged as the controlling element in this speech.

“Fund Raising for New Library”: September 7, 1960

“Fund Raising for the New Library” was a fund-raising speech presented to the alumni of the University of Notre Dame who were invited for planned weekend activities on campus. These activities took place at the beginning of the school year, evidenced by Hesburgh’s appreciation to the alumni for taking the time to attend during the time when children go back to school.

Hesburgh acknowledges Father O’Hara’s vision and his willingness to spend the rest of his life working for people, which is what the University of Notre Dame is about. He tells the alumni of the developments in the growth of the student body, endowment, faculty, and budget. He points out that when the University of Notre Dame grows, the alumni grow and become significant as well. He introduces plans for building the new library and explains how the Ford Foundation will give the University half the amount it raises. He emphasizes that the University is getting involved with the problems of the world and that the library is a necessity in this endeavor. He concludes by urging the alumni to raise not only $12 million and thus to get $6 million from the Ford Foundation but to raise much more.

In this “Fund Raising for New Library,” 17 pentadic sets were identified. The pentadic terms and dominant terms for each are identified below.

Pentad 1

Pentad 1, located on line 7, paragraph 2 of page 268, through to the end of the paragraph, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Peter Grace

Act: Gave Notre Dame all he had

Agency: Willing spirit in support of Notre Dame

Purpose: To do anything for Notre Dame

Scene: Europe

Peter Grace is the agent who gave Notre Dame all he had. Grace gave all he had through the agency of a willing spirit in support of Notre Dame. His purpose was to do anything for Notre Dame. This was shown by his activities while in Europe (scene).

The dominant term in pentad 1 is agency (Table 14). The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of a willing spirit in support of Notre Dame requires the agent of Peter Grace in that only individuals have willing spirits that can motivate them to do something, and Peter Grace had such a spirit. The agency-act ratio suggests that the agency of a willing spirit to support Notre Dame requires an act of giving Notre Dame all. Action follows a willing spirit because it is motivated already. The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of a willing spirit in support of Notre Dame requires the purpose of doing anything for Notre Dame. The agency-scene ratio suggests that the agency of a willing spirit requires the scene of Europe. This is a weak connection in that a willing spirit can be exercised anywhere in the world and not only in Europe.

Table 14

Pentad 1 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Act is a runner-up dominant term but did not produce as many strong ratios as did agency. The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of giving Notre Dame all requires certain kinds of agents, and Peter Grace was such an agent. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of giving Notre Dame all he had requires the agency of a willing spirit in support of Notre Dame in that the act of giving presupposes that the spirit is willing to give. The act-purpose ratio is strong in that the act of giving Notre Dame all he had requires a purpose of strong commitment to Notre Dame and a willingness to do anything for it. Giving one’s all means doing what must be done, even if it is demanding and difficult. The act-scene ratio is weak in that the act of giving Notre Dame all he had does not require the scene of Europe.

The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of doing anything for Notre Dame requires the agency of a willing spirit in support of Notre Dame.

Pentad 2

Pentad 2, situated on line 11 of paragraph 2 of page 268 through line 6, paragraph 3 of page 268, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Father O’Hara

Act: Gave all he had and touched many lives

Agency: Willing spirit

Purpose: To be an endowment of Notre Dame

Scene: Notre Dame campus

Father O’Hara is the agent who gave all he had and touched many lives (act) through the agency of a willing spirit at the University of Notre Dame campus. The purpose was to be an endowment of Notre Dame.

Agency is the dominant term in pentad 2 (Table 15). The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of a willing spirit requires the agent of Father O’Hara in that there must be an agent to possess a willing spirit; Father O’Hara is one such agent. The agency-act ratio suggests that the agency of a willing spirit requires the act of giving all he had in that a willing spirit is necessary for giving. The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of a willing spirit requires the purpose of touching many lives. The willing spirit suggests openness, being willing to go beyond one’s boundaries, and reaching out to others. The agency-scene ratio suggests that the agency of a willing spirit requires the scene of Notre Dame campus. This does not apply because a willing spirit operates anywhere where there is a need, not only at Notre Dame.

Act was a runner-up dominant term but lacked the number of strong ratios evident with agency. The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of giving all he had required the agent of Father O’Hara in that giving requires that there be somebody to do the giving. Father O’Hara qualifies to be the agent because he is capable of such giving. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of giving all he had requires the agency of a willing spirit in that one cannot give all he has if one does not have a willing spirit to engage in this act. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of giving all he had requires the purpose of touching many lives. This is a weaker connection in that not all acts of giving are designed to touch many lives, but giving often is done for that reason. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of giving all he had requires the scene of Notre Dame campus. There is no connection since the act of giving is universal; it is not confined to Notre Dame.

Table 15

Pentad 2 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 3

Pentad 3, located in paragraph 2 of page 268, through paragraph 1 of page 269, consists of the following terms:

Agent: The University of Notre Dame

Act: Growing through the years

Agency: A growing endowment and dedicated alumni

Purpose: To make Notre Dame, students, and alumni grow and become more significant in the state of Michigan

Scene: Notre Dame campus

Hesburgh names the University of Notre Dame as the agent being discussed. The University of Notre Dame has made progressive growth in the years past in student quality and quantity, upgraded faculty, and salary increases, an increase in budget from $8 million to $18 million. The progressive growth is a result of the agency of a growing endowment and dedicated alumni. The purpose of this growth is to make the University of Notre Dame become significant in the state of Michigan. As the University of Notre Dame grows, students and alumni grow as well. The scene is the Notre Dame campus, which drives the lives of students and alumni and has a claim on their feelings and devotion.

There are two equally dominant terms in pentad 3 (Table 16). One dominant term is agent. The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the act of growing through the years in that all universities aim at expanding their programs and increasing their academic popularity, and Notre Dame has done these. The agent-scene ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame campus in that there cannot be the University of Notre Dame without a Notre Dame campus; the campus contains the university. The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the agency of a growing endowment and dedicated alumni. All institutions need funds to finance their programs, and dedicated alumni are a major source of funding for universities. The agent-purpose ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the purpose of making Notre Dame students and alumni grow and become more significant in the state of Michigan. Most universities do not serve only students from their host states but cater to students from other states as well. Notre Dame wants its significance to be felt in the state of Michigan as well.

Table 16

Pentad 3 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The co-dominant term is purpose. The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame students and alumni grow and become more significant in the state of Michigan requires the agent of the University of Notre Dame. This is a strong connection in that Notre Dame students and alumni cannot grow and become more significant without the agent of the University of Notre Dame. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame students and alumni grow and become more significant in the state of Michigan requires the act of growing through the years. A sturdy growth gives the university a record of success and that impacts the university’s significance. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame students and alumni grow and become more significant in the state of Michigan requires the agency of a growing endowment and dedicated alumni. Funding is necessary for growth, and the endowment and dedicated alumni are main sources of these funds. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame students and alumni grow and become more significant in the state of Michigan requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame campus. This is a strong connection in that making the University of Notre Dame students and alumni grow requires a base of the University of Notre Dame campus.

The agency-scene ratio suggests that the agency of a growing endowment and dedicated alumni requires the scene of the Notre Dame campus in that endowments and dedicated alumni are linked to university campuses.

Pentad 4

Pentad 4, located in paragraph 2 of page 269 through paragraph 2 of page 269, consists of the following:

Agent: We (Notre Dame administrators and alumni)

Act: Extending the campus to the east

Agency: Decision-making

Purpose: To make this the next magnificent building next to the Dome

Scene: Eastern side of campus

Hesburgh introduces “we” (Notre Dame administrators and alumni) as the agents who must consider the idea of a new Notre Dame campus extension plan to the east. He points out what has been added to the original layout of the campus in terms of buildings and what needs to be done next. A decision must be made on what is needed most for the purpose of making that the next magnificent building adjacent to the Dome because that will be the focal point of the growth of Notre Dame. This extension site is on the eastern side of campus.

Purpose is the dominant term in pentad 4 (Table 17). The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of making this the next magnificent building next to the Dome requires the agent of administrators and the alumni. Adding buildings on campus is an administration issue, and the alumni are involved in funding them; buildings cannot be built without the involvement of administrators and funding individuals or organizations. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of building a magnificent building next to the Dome requires the act of extending the campus to the east. This is a strong connection in that building next to the Dome will extend the campus. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of building a magnificent building next to the Dome requires the agency of decision-making. Putting up a building on campus is a result of an administrative decision-making process. The purpose-scene suggests that the purpose of adding a building next to the Dome requires the scene of the eastern side of campus in that the building is to the east of the Dome.

The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of extending the campus to the east requires Notre Dame administrators and alumni to provide the plans and funds needed. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of extending the campus to the east requires the agency of decision-making.

Table 17

Pentad 4 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 5

Pentad 5, situated in paragraph 3 of page 269, through paragraph 1of page 270, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Catholic Church

Act: Started universities

Agency: Struggling

Purpose: To consolidate cultures

Scene: All around the world

The agent is the Catholic Church that has started universities (act) in different parts of the world (scene) for the purpose of consolidating cultures through the agency of some struggle to make this a reality.

Purpose is the dominant term in pentad 5 (Table 18). The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of consolidating cultures is consistent with the Catholic Church in that it seeks to impact all cultures, consolidating its influence. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of consolidating cultures requires the act of starting universities because that is one way in which cultures are consolidated. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of consolidating cultures requires the agency of some struggle in that it is not always easy to bring different cultures together. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of consolidating cultures requires the scene of all around the world in that you need all the cultures in the world if they are to be consolidated.

Table 18

Pentad 5 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The agent-scene ratio suggests that the agent of the Catholic Church requires the scene of all around the world in that its influence is worldwide. The scene-purpose ratio suggests that the scene of all around the world requires the purpose of consolidating cultures in that cultures are all around the world.

Pentad 6

Pentad 6, located on paragraph 2 of page 270, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Catholic universities

Act: Transfusing treasures of knowledge

Agency: Philosophy and theology

Purpose: Working for God

Scene: The United States

Hesburgh named the agents as Catholic universities that transfuse treasures of knowledge (act) through philosophy and theology (agency). The purpose is to work for God in the United States.

Agent is the dominant term in pentad 6 (Table 19). The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of Catholic universities requires the act of transfusing treasures of knowledge because this is a primary duty of universities. The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of Catholic universities requires the agency of philosophy and theology in that these are the means of transfusing knowledge, especially in a Catholic university. The agent-purpose ratio suggests that the agent of Catholic universities requires the purpose of working for God. Catholic universities are religious institutions and are expected to contribute toward God’s work. The agent-scene ratio suggests that the agent of Catholic universities requires the scene of the United States in that Catholic universities are located in the United States. This is a weak connection in that there are Catholic universities worldwide.

Table 19

Pentad 6 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 7

Pentad 7, situated in paragraph 3 of page 270, through line 3 on page 271, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Ford Foundation representatives

Act: Picked out universities

Agency: Revised terms of funding

Purpose: To give the universities a chance to become great

Scene: East, West, South, Midwest, and Rocky Mountain regions

The agent is the Ford Foundation that performed the act of revising the terms or criteria it used to select universities to receive funds. The Foundation picked out participants through the agency of revising the terms of funding. The purpose of picking out these universities was to give them a chance to become the greatest universities in the various regions.

Agency is the dominant term in pentad 7 (Table 20). The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of revising terms of funding requires the agent of the Ford Foundation representatives in that they determine the criteria of terms of selecting universities to be given funds. The agency-act ratio suggests that the agency of revising terms of funding requires the act of picking out universities in that the revised terms are the means of picking out qualifying universities. The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of revising terms of funding requires the purpose of giving universities a chance to be great. Availability of funds enables universities to reach their potential and increases the likelihood that they will be great. The agency-scene ratio suggests that the agency of revising terms of funding requires the scene of the East, West, South, Midwest, and the Rocky Mountain regions because these are the regions that will be affected by the revised terms.

Table 20

Pentad 7 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of the Ford Foundation requires the act of picking out universities because it is the funding organization that makes that decision. The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of giving the universities a chance to become great requires the agent of the Ford Foundation representatives because they make such decisions. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of giving the universities a chance to be great requires the act of picking out universities.

Pentad 8

Pentad 8, located on line 3 of page 271 through the end of the paragraph, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Ford Foundation

Act: Chose Notre Dame to be among the universities designated to receive funds

Agency: Assessment of the last 10 years and next 10 years of the university

Purpose: To determine what Notre Dame is doing differently from other universities

Scene: The University of Notre Dame

Hesburgh named the Ford Foundation the agent that chose Notre Dame in the Midwest to receive funds based on an assessment of the previous 10 years and the next 10 years of the University (agency). The purpose of the assessment is to determine what Notre Dame is doing differently from other universities. The scene of the assessment is the University of Notre Dame, which representatives of the Ford Foundation visited.

Act is the dominant term in pentad 8 (Table 21). The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of choosing Notre Dame to be among the universities designated to receive funds by the Ford Foundation requires the agent of the Ford Foundation in that the Ford Foundation is the funding organization. Choosing Notre Dame to receive funds is a strong connection in that Notre Dame had to meet the Ford Foundation’s criteria for selection. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of choosing Notre Dame to be among the universities designated to receive funds requires the agency of assessing the performance of Notre Dame in the past and in the next 10 years, the process necessary to award funds. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of choosing Notre Dame to be among the universities designated to receive funds requires the purpose of determining what Notre Dame is doing differently from other universities that makes it stand out. The process of choosing assumes that criteria are in place by which to choose. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of choosing Notre Dame to be among the universities designated to receive funds requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame.

Table 21

Pentad 8 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 9

Pentad 9, located on paragraph 2 of page 271, consists of the following terms:

Agent: University of Notre Dame

Act: Getting involved in the problems of the world

Agency: Mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope

Purpose: To get some meaning into words like rights, human dignity, honor, justice and independence.

Scene: University of Notre Dame

Hesburgh names the University of Notre Dame as the agent to get involved in the problems of the world through the agency of mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope. Because of the deterioration of moral standards, Notre Dame must formulate basic moral understanding to a work of mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope. The purpose is to get some meaning into words like rights, human dignity, honor, justice, and independence for humanity. The University of Notre Dame is the scene where this knowledge should take place.

The dominant term is act in pentad 9 (Table 22). The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of getting involved in the problems of the world requires the agency of mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope. These are qualities that can help solve the problems of the world--mediation within society, diplomacy among nations, and healing and hope on individual levels. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of getting involved in the problems of the world requires the purpose of getting some meaning into words like rights, human dignity, honor, justice, and independence. When these words lose meaning, they give rise to problems facing the world today. The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of getting involved in the problems of the world requires the agent of the University of Notre Dame. There is a connection here although other institutions of higher learning are involved in the same cause. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of getting involved in the problems of the world requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame. This is a weak connection in that the University of Notre Dame alone cannot solve all the problems of the world; other institutions are involved as well.

Table 22

Pentad 9 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The agency-act ratio suggests that the agency of mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope requires the act of getting involved in the problems of the world. These are the activities that help resolve the world’s problems. The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope requires the purpose of getting meaning into the words like rights, human dignity, honor, justice, and independence. This is a strong connection because mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope restore meaning to words that point out the problems the world faces today. The agency-scene ratio suggests that the agency of mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame. There is no connection here because mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope are practiced worldwide. The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of mediation, diplomacy, healing, and hope require the agent of the University of Notre Dame. There is a connection because this is something that anybody can do; the University of Notre Dame is not required.

The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the act of getting involved in the problems of the world. The University of Notre Dame trains people to work in solving the problems of the world; hence, it gets involved.

Pentad 10

Pentad 10, situated in paragraph 3 of page 271, consists of the following terms:

Agent: University of Notre Dame

Act: Bring voices of sciences and humanities together

Agency: Mediation and philosophy from theology

Purpose: To get them into a chorus so they add up into something good for mankind

Scene: A world of division between technology and the humanities

The University of Notre Dame is the agent that Hesburgh believes will bring voices of the sciences and the humanities together (act) through the agency of mediation and philosophy from theology. The purpose is to get them into a chorus so they add up into something good for mankind. The scene is a world of division between technology and humanities.

Purpose is the dominant term in pentad 10 (Table 23). The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of getting scientists and humanities scholars into a chorus so they add up into something good for mankind requires the agent of the University of Notre Dame or at least one very much like the University of Notre Dame--a place where both scientific and humanistic expertise reside. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of getting them into a chorus so they add up into something good for mankind requires the act of bringing the voices of science and the humanities together in that these are the means of mobilizing voices for the good of humankind. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of getting them into a chorus so they add up into something good for mankind requires the agency of mediation and philosophy from theology because it informs both areas and brings the kinds of knowledge that bridges both and thus can mediate between them. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of getting science and the humanities into a chorus so they add up into something good for mankind requires the scene of a world of division between technology and the humanities.

Table 23

Pentad 10 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of bringing the voices of the sciences and the humanities together requires the agent of the University of Notre Dame in that this is where both reside. The scene-act ratio suggests that the scene of a world of division between technology and the humanities requires the act of bringing the voices of sciences and the humanities together so they can inform the other and be more productive.

Pentad 11

Pentad 11, located in paragraph 4 of page 271, through paragraph 2 of page 272, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Catholic universities

Act: Conduct different studies on problems that face humans such as equal opportunity for all Americans

Agency: Vision, talents, training, and understanding

Purpose: To bring power, unity, strength, and understanding to the attention of modern life and modern culture

Scene: Catholic university campuses, especially Notre Dame

Hesburgh identifies Catholic universities as agents that must conduct different studies on problems that face humankind such as equal opportunity for all Americans. These studies can be conducted through the agency of the vision, talent, training, and understanding that Catholic universities offer. These studies are necessary for the purposes of bringing power, unity, strength, and understanding to the attention of modern life and modern culture. Catholic university campuses, especially Notre Dame, are the places where such studies can take place.

Purpose is the dominant term in pentad 11 (Table 24). The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of bringing power, unity, strength, and understanding to the attention of modern life and modern culture requires the agent of Catholic universities in that they bring a perspective with these qualities to modern life. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of bringing power, unity, strength, and understanding to the attention of modern life and modern culture requires the act of conducting different studies on problems that face humans. These studies help bring answers to such problems. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of bringing power, unity, strength, and understanding to the attention of modern life and culture requires the agency of vision, talents, training, and understanding in that these are the means of accomplishing power, unity, and understanding. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of bringing power, unity, strength, and understanding to the attention of modern life and culture requires the scene of Catholic university campuses, especially Notre Dame. University campuses are expected to give attention to modern life activities, and the University of Notre Dame has the capacity to bring a perspective with these qualities to that kind of study.

Table 24

Pentad 11 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of conducting different studies on problems that face humans such as equal opportunity for all Americans requires the agency of vision, talents, training, and understanding. These are qualities necessary to carry out studies such as these.

Pentad 12

Pentad 12, situated on paragraph 3 of page 276, through paragraph 1 of page 273, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Ford Foundation

Act: Giving Notre Dame funds

Agency: Matching-funds formula

Purpose: To facilitate the growth of Notre Dame so it can help solve the problems of the world

Scene: University of Notre Dame

The Ford Foundation is the agent that gave Notre Dame funds (act) through the agency of a matching-funds formula. The purpose was to facilitate the growth of Notre Dame so it can help solve the problems of the world. The University of Notre Dame is the scene for the University of Notre Dame, which received the funds.

The dominant term in pentad 12 is agent (Table 25). The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of the Ford Foundation requires the act of giving Notre Dame funds in that the University of Notre Dame qualifies for the funds according to the Ford Foundation’s criteria. The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of the Ford Foundation requires the agency of a matching-funds formula in that it needs this tool to be able to make its selection of universities. The agent-purpose ratio suggests that the agent of the Ford Foundation requires the purpose of facilitating the growth of Notre Dame so it can help solve the problems of the world in that Notre Dame needs the funds to be able to help solve the problems of the world. The agent-scene ratio suggests that the agent of the Ford Foundation requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame in that it has funding universities as its mission in trying to solve the problems of the world.

Table 25

Pentad 12 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of giving the University of Notre Dame funds requires the purpose of facilitating the growth of the University of Notre Dame so it can help solve the problems of the world. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of giving the University of Notre Dame funds requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame because it is the receiving entity. The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of matching-funds formula requires the agent of the Ford Foundation because it is involved in the process of giving funds. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of facilitating the growth of the University of Notre Dame so it can help solve the problems of the world requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame because this would not be possible without the University of Notre Dame.

Pentad 13

Pentad 13, situated in paragraph 2 of page 273 through line 3 of page 274, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame men

Act: Having a part in the Notre Dame vision

Agency: Money to be raised in less time than required

Purpose: To inspire Catholic men and people of other religions to make a contribution

Scene: University of Notre Dame

Notre Dame men are the agents in this pentad, according to Hesburgh. They have a chance to participate in the Notre Dame vision for all American Catholics and non-Catholics, Jews, and everyone else through the agency of raising money to match the Ford Foundation’s challenge. The purpose of these funds is to inspire Catholic men and people of other religions to make a contribution. Notre Dame is the scene that can provide the environment for such inspirations.

Agency is the dominant term in pentad 13 (Table 26). The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of money to be raised in less time than expected requires the agent of Notre Dame men in that they are a source on which Notre Dame can rely. The agency-act ratio suggests that the agency of money to be raised in less time than expected requires the act of having a part in the Notre Dame vision in that participation in this vision influences action. The agency-purpose suggests that the agency of money to be raised in less time than required requires the purpose of inspiring as many people as possible to make a contribution so they can raise the money needed for matching funds. The agency-scene ratio suggests that the agency of money to be raised in less time than required requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame in that the money raised is for Notre Dame.

Table 26

Pentad 13 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The scene-act ratio suggests that the scene of the University of Notre Dame requires the act of having a part in the University of Notre Dame vision.

Pentad 14

Pentad 14, located in paragraph 1 of page 274, consists of the following terms:

Agent: The University Notre Dame

Act: Building new labs

Agency: Atomic Energy Commission funds

Purpose: To contribute to the dignity and fulfillment of man

Scene: University of Notre Dame

According to Hesburgh, Notre Dame is the agent whose act is to build new labs through the agency of Atomic Energy Commission funds. The purpose is to contribute toward the dignity and fulfillment of man. The University of Notre Dame is the scene to which the contributions are made.

Act is the dominant term in pentad 14 (Table 27). The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of building new labs requires the agent of the University of Notre Dame in that labs are a necessary part of a university facility. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of building new labs requires the agency of Atomic Energy Commission funds in that these funds make possible the building of new labs. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of building new labs requires the purpose of contributing to the dignity and fulfillment of man in that labs are places to carry out studies that contribute to this purpose. The act-scene ratio suggests that the act of building new labs requires the scene of the University of Notre Dame in that universities must have labs for research purposes.

Table 27

Pentad 14 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Agent is a runner-up dominant term although it had fewer ratios than act. The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the act of building new labs. This is necessary in that labs are needed. The agent-purpose ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the purpose of contributing to the dignity and fulfillment of man. This is expected of universities. The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of the University of Notre Dame requires the agency of Atomic Energy Commission funds. This is a weak connection because the University needs funds from other sources as well. The agent-scene ratio has no connection.

Pentad 15

Pentad 15, situated on paragraph 2 of page 274, consists of the following terms:

Agent: We (people affiliated with Notre Dame)

Act: Building a huge new library

Agency: Big dreams: blood, sweat, and tears; and vast human heart and energy

Purpose: To keep the thing moving

Scene: Notre Dame campus

We, the people affiliated with Notre Dame, are building a huge new library (act) through the agency of big dreams: blood, sweat, and tears; and vast human heart and energy. The purpose is to keep the thing moving--the development of the University of Notre Dame. The scene for the huge new library is the University of Notre Dame.

Purpose is the dominant term in pentad 15 (Table 28). The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of keeping the thing moving--keeping the building of the library and thus the University of Notre Dame on track requires the agent we, the people affiliated with the University of Notre Dame, in that the people are the ones who keep the thing moving. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of keeping the thing moving requires the act of building a huge new library in that a huge new library symbolizes the spirit of keeping the thing moving and is a physical enactment of such movement. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of keeping the thing moving requires the agency of big dreams: blood, sweat, and tears and vast human heart and energy in that a spirit of determination is necessary to keep the thing moving. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of keeping the thing moving requires the scene of Notre Dame campus in that this is where the spirit is kept moving.

Table 28

Pentad 15 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of we, the people affiliated with the University of Notre Dame, requires the agency of big dreams: blood, sweat, and tears and vast human heart and energy. These are needed qualities. The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of building a huge new library requires the agency of big dreams: blood, sweat, and tears and vast human heart and energy because these are qualities necessary to build a new library. The scene-purpose ratio suggests that the scene of the University of Notre Dame campus requires the purpose of keeping the thing moving.

Pentad 16

Pentad 16, located on paragraph 3 of page 274, through paragraph 2 of page 275, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Father Hesburgh

Act: Working in the world identified or in a symbiotic relationship with Notre Dame

Agency: Optimistic and powerful dreams

Purpose: To make Notre Dame the best in the tradition of what the church did in the Middle Ages

Scene: The world

Hesburgh is the agent in a symbiotic relationship with Notre Dame (act) through the agency of optimistic and powerful dreams. His purpose is to make Notre Dame the best in the tradition of what the Catholic Church did in the Middle Ages throughout the scene of the world.

The dominant term in pentad 16 is purpose (Table 29). The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame the best in the tradition of what the church did in the Middle Ages requires the agent we, people affiliated with the University of Notre Dame in that these are the people who will make the University of Notre Dame the best. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of making the University of Notre Dame the best requires the act of working in the world identified or in a symbiotic relationship with the University of Notre Dame in that the University of Notre Dame must be involved to make it the best. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame the best requires the agency of optimistic and powerful dreams in that these are a characteristic of success and epitomize aiming high. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame the best requires the scene of the world in that the impact of the church is recognized worldwide.

Table 29

Pentad 16 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of Father Hesburgh requires the act of working in the world identified or in a symbiotic relationship with the University of Notre Dame because this is expected of him as president of the University. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of working in the world identified or in a symbiotic relationship with the University of Notre Dame requires the purpose of making the University of Notre Dame the best in that this is a kind of relationship that can result in making the University of Notre Dame the best. The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of optimistic and powerful dreams requires the purpose of making the University of Notre Dame the best in that these are qualities necessary to attain the best results.

Pentad 17

Pentad 17, located on paragraph 3 of page 275, through the end of the speech, consists of the following terms:

Agents: Notre Dame gentlemen

Act: Make Notre Dame the best place on earth

Agency: Monetary contributions

Purpose: To show what can be done with Notre Dame University

Scene: Unnamed

Hesburgh named the Notre Dame gentlemen as agents who should make Notre Dame the best place on earth (act). They will do this through the agency of monetary contributions for the purpose of showing what can be done with the University of Notre Dame. Hesburgh does not name the scene in this pentad.

Act is the dominant term in pentad 17 (Table 30). The act-agent ratio suggests that the act of making Notre Dame the best place on earth requires the involvement, in part, of the University of Notre Dame gentlemen. The act-agency suggests that the act of making Notre Dame the best place on earth requires the agency of monetary contributions in that funds are necessary for any improvements to be made. The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of making Notre Dame the best place on earth requires the purpose of showing what can be done with Notre Dame. The act-scene ratio does not apply because the scene is not named.

Table 30

Pentad 17 of the Fund Raising for New Library

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of monetary contributions requires the purpose of showing what can be done with the University of Notre Dame because monetary contributions make it possible to show what can be done with the University. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of showing what can be done with the University of Notre Dame requires the act of making the University of Notre Dame the best place on earth.

Summary of Dominant Terms

The dominant terms in the 17 pentads of “Fund Raising for New Library” are:

1. Purpose: To make Notre Dame students and alumni grow and become more significant in the state of Michigan (Table 16)

To make this the next magnificent building next to the Dome (Table 17)

To consolidate cultures (Table 18)

To get them into a chorus so they add up into something good for mankind (Table 23)

To bring power, unity, strength, and understanding to the attention of modern life and modern culture (Table 24)

To keep the thing moving (Table 28)

To make Notre Dame the best in the tradition of what the church did in the Middle Ages (Table 29)

2. Act: Chose Notre Dame to be among the universities designated to receive funds (Table 21)

Getting involved in the problems of the world (Table 22)

Building new labs (Table 27)

Make Notre Dame the best place on earth (Table 30)

3. Agency: Willing spirit in support of Notre Dame (Table 14)

Willing spirit (Table 15)

Revised terms of funding (Table 20)

Money to be raised in less time than required (Table 26)

4. Agent: The University of Notre Dame (Table 16)

Catholic universities (Table 19)

Ford Foundation (Table 25)

The pentadic analysis revealed 17 pentads. The following are the dominant terms that emerged: purpose was dominant seven times, act four times, agency four times, and agent three times. The results of the analysis indicate that purpose is the primary controlling term in this speech.

“The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant”: 1961

The “Ford Foundation Challenge Grant” speech was a video recording done in Hesburgh’s office at the University of Notre Dame in 1961. The video was sent to various alumni chapters around the country and overseas for fund-raising purposes.

Hesburgh salutes the men and women in his audience and informs them that the University of Notre Dame is indebted to the past because of men and women who dedicated their lives to make the University what it was. He recounts the story of how the Ford Foundation selected the University of Notre Dame to be among the universities to receive funds. The selection was due to the progress the University had made in its physical, financial, and academic developments. He reminds the audience that part of the progress was a result of alumni support that accounted for 50% of the amount given to the University. He draws the attention of the alumni to the problems in this country and suggests that the University of Notre Dame has and is addressing these problems to make democracy come true for all Americans, a value that the University maintains. He concludes by inviting the members of the Notre Dame family to be proud of their experiences while attending the University and encourages them to give to the University so that their sons can experience what they experienced during their time at the University.

In Hesburgh’s “Ford Foundation Challenge Grant,” 9 pentadic sets were identified. The pentadic terms and dominant terms for each are identified below.

Pentad 1

Pentad 1, situated in paragraph 2 of page 276, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Ford Foundation

Act: Included Notre Dame in a program of matching funds raised

Agency: Selectively, studiously

Purpose: To make Notre Dame a great, outstanding bastion of education

Scene: Unnamed

The agent is the Ford Foundation that included Notre Dame in a program of matching funds raised (act) through the agency of selective, studious consideration for the purpose of making Notre Dame a great, outstanding bastion of education. Hesburgh does not name the scene.

The dominant term in pentad 1 is purpose (Table 31), but it is a very weak controlling term. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame a great, outstanding bastion of education requires selectivity and studiousness in that being judged a great institution requires selective and careful consideration and ranking. There is a weak connection in the purpose-act ratio that suggests that a purpose of making Notre Dame a great, outstanding bastion of education requires the act of including Notre Dame in a program of matching funds raised. Notre Dame needs funds to be a great, outstanding bastion of education, but these funds do not necessarily have to be from the Ford Foundation; they could be from other sources. The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of making Notre Dame a great, outstanding bastion of education requires the agent of the Ford Foundation. There is no connection in that other foundations and agents can provide funds to the University of Notre Dame. The purpose-scene ratio does not apply because the scene was not named.

Table 31

Pentad 1 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 2

Pentad 2, located in paragraph 3 of page 276, through paragraph 6 of page 277, consists of the following terms:

Agent: The University Notre Dame

Act: Attracting top students

Agency: Unnamed

Purpose: To create a great university

Scene: Competitive educational environment

The agent is the University of Notre Dame that is attracting top students (act) for the purpose of creating a great university in a competitive educational environment (scene). The agency is not named.

Purpose is the dominant term in pentad 2 (Table 32). The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great university requires the act of attracting top students; attracting top students is an indicator of greatness. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great university requires a scene of a competitive educational environment in that a university that competes with the best universities sets itself apart as a great academic university and ranks high on various indicators of quality. The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great university requires an agent of the University of Notre Dame. This is a weak connection because any university, not only the University of Notre Dame, can achieve creating a great university. The purpose-agency ratio does not apply in this pentad because the agency was not named.

Table 32

Pentad 2 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The scene-act ratio suggests that the scene of a competitive educational environment requires the act of attracting top students.

Pentad 3

Pentad 3, situated in paragraph 7 of page 277 though paragraph 2 of page 278, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame University

Act: Making progress regarding faculty

Agency: Hired more faculty with doctorates, raised faculty salaries

Purpose: To create a great university

Scene: Competitive educational environment

The University of Notre Dame is the agent that is making progress through the agency of hiring more faculty with doctorates and raising faculty salaries for the purpose of creating a great university. The scene is a competitive educational environment.

The dominating term of pentad 3 is purpose (Table 33). The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great university requires the act of making progress regarding faculty. Faculty are a critical component of a university, so a university must be able to attract and retain excellent faculty to be great. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great university requires the agency of hiring more faculty with doctorates and raising faculty salaries in that these increase the reputation of a university. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great university requires the scene of a competitive educational environment in that a university that is outstanding surpasses other universities--it is perceived to be better than other universities. The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great university requires the agent of the University of Notre Dame. This is a weak connection because creating a great university requires a university but not necessarily Notre Dame. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great university requires the scene of a competitive educational environment. You cannot create a great university in an environment where there are no standards and no competitions to attain high rankings and ratings. A system that rates and ranks is required if one is going to be considered the best.

Table 33

Pentad 3 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 4

Pentad 4, situated in paragraph 3 of page 278 through line 2 of page 179, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame University

Act: Building a new library

Agencies: Large size, accessible books, includes faculty offices, magnificent look

Purpose: To create a living, working memorial of all that Notre Dame is striving to be in the years to come

Scene: Large vacant piece of land

The agent is the University of Notre Dame that is building a new library (act) through the agency of large size, accessible books, the inclusion of faculty offices, and a magnificent look for the purpose of creating a living, working memorial of all that Notre Dame is striving to be in the years to come. The scene is a large vacant piece of land.

The dominant term in pentad 4 is purpose (Table 34). This is because the purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a living, working memorial of all that Notre Dame is striving to be in the years to come requires an agent of the University of Notre Dame. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a living, working memorial of all that Notre Dame is striving to be in the years to come requires some physical embodiment of the University of Notre Dame’s aims, and a library is one such option. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a living, working memorial of all that Notre Dame is striving to be in the years to come requires the agency of large size, accessible books, faculty offices, and a magnificent look. These specific agents are not the only ones possible for such a memorial, but they certainly are required if the University of Notre Dame is to become a great university. The purpose-scene ratio suggests that a purpose of creating a living, working memorial of all that Notre Dame is striving to be in the years to come requires the scene of a large vacant piece of land; land is needed as a site on which to build a memorial.

Table 34

Pentad 4 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Pentad 5

Pentad 5, located in paragraph 1 of page 279 through paragraph 3 of page 279, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame University

Act: Building new buildings

Agencies: Hope and possibility

Purpose: To create a great new Notre Dame focus on the great new library

Scene: Unnamed

The agent is the University of Notre Dame that is building new buildings (act) through the agency of hope and possibility for the purpose of creating a great new Notre Dame focus on the great new library. The scene is not named.

The dominant term in pentad 5 is purpose (Table 35) because it is supported by several ratios. The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great new Notre Dame focus on the great new library requires that there be an agent of Notre Dame. There cannot be a focus on the Notre Dame library if there is no Notre Dame. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great new Notre Dame focus on the great new library requires the act of building new buildings; one of the buildings is the new library. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of creating a great new Notre Dame focus on the great new library requires the agency of hope and possibility. Hope and possibility are both qualities required as a new building is constructed. The purpose-scene ratio does not apply because the scene is not named.

Table 35

Pentad 5 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of building new buildings requires the agency of hope and possibility, both of which are needed when embarking on constructing new buildings.

Pentad 6

Pentad 6, located in paragraph 4 of page 279, through line 7 of page 280, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame University

Act: Sacrificially giving alumni

Agencies: Enthusiasm and generosity

Purpose: To show what can be done, symbolized in the great new library

Scene: Unnamed

The agent is the University of Notre Dame, which has alumni who sacrifice to give (act) through the agency of enthusiasm and generosity for the purpose of showing what can be done, symbolized in the great new library. The scene is not named.

The dominant term in pentad 6 is purpose (Table 36). The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of showing what can be done, symbolized in the great new library, requires the agency of enthusiasm and generosity. Both of these qualities motivate and promote giving. The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of showing what can be done, symbolized in the great new library, requires the act of alumni giving. The giving of alumni is symbolized by the construction of buildings, signs, or landmarks that show how the donated funds were used. The ratio of purpose-agency suggests that the purpose of showing what can be done, symbolized in the great new library, requires the agency of enthusiasm and generosity. When people are enthusiastic and generous, they are motivated to give to worthy causes. The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of showing what can be done, symbolized in the great new library, requires the agent of the University of Notre Dame. Showing what can be done at the University of Notre Dame requires the University of Notre Dame. The purpose-scene ratio does not apply because the scene is not named.

Table 36

Pentad 6 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The act-agency ratio suggests that the act of sacrificially giving alumni requires the agency of enthusiasm and generosity.

Pentad 7

Pentad 7, situated in paragraph 1 of page 280, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame University students

Act: Working with ideas and people

Agency: Peace Corps project

Purpose: To be strong in heart and pure in spirit, dedicated, devoted, intelligent, and confident

Scene: All around the world

The agents are the University of Notre Dame students who are working with ideas and people (act) through the agency of the Peace Corps project for the purpose of being strong in heart and pure in spirit, dedication, devotion, intelligence, and confidence. The scene is all around the world.

Agency is the dominant term in pentad 7 (Table 37). The agency-act ratio suggests that an agency of a Peace Corps project requires the act of working with ideas and people. Such a project cannot be completed without ideas and people. The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of the Peace Corps project requires the purpose of being strong in heart and pure in spirit, dedicated, devoted, intelligent, and confident. Surviving in the Peace Corps would be difficult without these qualities. The agency-scene ratio suggests that the agency of a Peace Corps project requires the scene of the whole world. The Peace Corps is a program that takes place in all parts of the world. The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of the Peace Corps project requires the agent of the University of Notre Dame students. This is a weak connection in that any other students can join the Peace Corps if given an opportunity to do so.

Table 37

Pentad 7 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The act-purpose ratio suggests that the act of working with ideas and people requires the purpose of being strong in heart and pure in spirit, dedicated, devoted, intelligent, and confident.

Pentad 8

Pentad 8, located in paragraph 2 of page 280 through line 15 of page 281, consists of the following terms:

Agent: New library

Act: Bringing answers to agonizing problems that men face in our day and age and in our country and the world

Agencies: Right ideas and the right kind of people

Purpose: To bring light where there is darkness, understanding, to bring hope where the situation has long been hopeless

Scene: Research centers in the new library

The agent in the new library that brings answers to agonizing problems that men face in our day and age in our country and the world (act) through the agency of right ideas and the right kind of people for the purpose of bringing light where there is darkness, understanding, and hope where the situation has been hopeless. The scene is the research centers in the new library.

Agent is the dominant term in pentad 8 (Table 38). The agent-act ratio suggests that the agent of the new library requires the act of bringing answers to agonizing problems that men face in our day and age and in our country and the world. By carrying out research in a library, solutions to agonizing problems can be found. The agent-agency ratio suggests that the agent of the new library requires the agency of right ideas and the right kind of people. The library is a place to find right ideas. The agent-purpose ratio suggests that the agent of the new library requires the purpose of bringing light where there is darkness, understanding, and hope in that the library is a resource to get answers to these situations. The agent-scene ratio suggests that the agent to the new library requires the scene of research centers in the new library. These are resource centers needed in the library. A library is about research, and research centers enable research to be conducted.

Table 38

Pentad 8 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

The purpose-act ratio suggests that the purpose of bringing light where there is darkness, understanding, to bring hope where the situation has long been hopeless requires the act of bringing answers to agonizing problems that men face in our day and age and in our country and the world. The purpose-agency ratio suggests that the purpose of bringing light where there is darkness, understanding, to bring hope where the situation has long been hopeless requires the agency of right ideas and the right kind of people.

Pentad 9

Pentad 9, situated in paragraph 2 of page 281 through paragraph 2 of page 282, consists of the following terms:

Agent: Notre Dame University

Act: Willingness to spend, bleed, and give all to make things come true

Agency: The endowment

Purpose: To have great pride in the heritage of Notre Dame University

Scene: Unnamed

The University of Notre Dame is the agent that is willing to spend, bleed, and give all to make things come true (act) through the agency of the endowment for the purpose of having great pride in the heritage of Notre Dame University. The scene is not named.

Agency is the dominant term in pentad 9 (Table 39). The agency-agent ratio suggests that the agency of the endowment requires that there be an agent of the University of Notre Dame in that the endowment is set up to benefit the University of Notre Dame. The agency-act ratio suggests that the agency of the endowment requires the act of willingness to spend, bleed, and give all to make things come true. Willingness to spend, bleed, and give is necessary to build an endowment. The agency-purpose ratio suggests that the agency of the endowment requires the purpose of having great pride in the heritage of the University of Notre Dame in that to build an endowment, pride in the University of Notre Dame is required. The agency-scene ratio does not apply because the scene is not named.

The purpose-agent ratio suggests that the purpose of having great pride in the heritage of the University of Notre Dame requires the agent of Notre Dame. There cannot be great pride in the heritage of the University of Notre Dame without Notre Dame.

Table 39

Pentad 9 of The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant

Elements of the Pentad	Ratios
Agent	Agent-Act	Agent-Agency	Agent-Purpose	Agent-Scene
Act	Act-Agent	Act-Agency	Act-Purpose	Act-Scene
Agency	Agency-Agent	Agency-Act	Agency-Purpose	Agency-Scene
Purpose	Purpose-Agent	Purpose-Act	Purpose-Agency	Purpose-Scene
Scene	Scene-Agent	Scene-Act	Scene-Agency	Scene-Purpose

Note. Lighter shading equals weak connection; darker shading equals strong connection.

Summary of Dominant Terms

The dominant terms in the 9 pentads of “The Ford Foundation Challenge Grant: 1961” are:

1. Purpose: To make Notre Dame a great, outstanding bastion of education (Table 31)

To create a great university (Table 32)

To create a great university (Table 33)

To create a living, working memorial of all that Notre Dame is striving to be in the years to come (Table 34)

To create a great new Notre Dame focus on the great new library (Table 35)

To show what can be done, symbolized in the great new library (Table 36)

2. Agency: Peace Corps project (Table 37)

The endowment (Table 39)

3. Agent: New library (Table 38)

There were 9 pentads identified in this speech with purpose dominating six times, agency twice, and agent once. The dominant term in this speech is purpose.

Summary of Dominant Terms for Speeches from the 50s and 60s

The following terms were found to be dominant in Hesburgh’s speeches from the 50s and 60s:

1. Purpose: To embody and model Notre Dame principles (Table 12)

To make Notre Dame students and alumni grow and become more significant in the state of Michigan (Table 16)

To make this the next magnificent building next to the Dome (Table 17)

To consolidate cultures (Table 18)

To get them into a chorus so they add up into something good for mankind (Table 23)

To bring power, unity, strength, and understanding to the attention of modern life and modern culture (Table 24)

To keep the thing moving (Table 28)

To make Notre Dame the best in the tradition of what the church did in the Middle Ages (Table 29)

To make Notre Dame a great, outstanding bastion of education (Table 31)

To create a great university (Table 32)

To create a great university (Table 33)

To create a living, working memorial of all that Notre Dame is striving to be in the years to come (Table 34)

To create a great new Notre Dame focus on the great new library (Table 35)

To show what can be done, symbolized in the great new library (Table 36)

2. Act: Building new buildings on campus (Table 4)

Getting internal transformation (Table 5)

Learning to be Christian (Table 7)

Developing a competitive spirit (Table 9)

Flunked out of Notre Dame (Table 10)

Pulling out all the stops--surpassing goals of fund drive (Table 11)

Walking around Notre Dame campus (Table 13)

Chose Notre Dame to be among the universities designated to receive funds (Table 21)

Getting involved in the problems of the world (Table 22)

Building new labs (Table 27)

Make Notre Dame the best place on earth (Table 30)

3. Agent: Returning alumni (Table 3)

The University of Notre Dame (Table 6)

Notre Dame alumni (Table 8)

The University of Notre Dame (Table 16)

Catholic universities (Table 19)

Ford Foundation (Table 25)

New library (Table 38)

4. Agency: Monetary contribution (Table 8)

Willing spirit in support of Notre Dame (Table 14)

Willing spirit (Table 15)

Revised terms of funding (Table 20)

Money to be raised in less time than required (Table 26)

Peace Corps project (Table 37)

The endowment (Table 39)

Frequencies of Dominant Terms

Hesburgh’s speeches from the decades of the 50s and 60s featured purpose as a dominant term most often, followed by act. Agent and agency were his dominant terms about half as often, and scene never functioned in this capacity in the speeches analyzed.

Table 40 shows the frequencies of the dominant terms in speeches from these two decades.

Table 40

Pentadic Terms	Frequencies
Purpose	14
Act	11
Agent	7
Agency	7
Scene	0

Summary of All Dominant Terms From the 50s and 60

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ANALYSIS OF HESBURGH’S SPEECHES FROM THE 50s AND 60s

Summary of Dominant Terms for Speeches from the 50s and 60s