Andrews University

Standards for Written Work

Tenth Edition

Recommendations and Requirements

of All Departments and Programs

of the University

School of Graduate Studies

Berrien Springs, Michigan

2003

CONTENTS

Chapter

1. GENERAL INFORMATION	1

Style vs. Format	1

Typeface and Paper	1

Duplication	1

Recommended Style Guides	2

The Term Paper	4

The Research Project	4

Theses	5

Dissertations	6

2. CONTENTS OF THE WRITTEN WORK	7

Arrangement of Contents	7

The Abstract	9

Preliminary Pages	10

Main Body of Text	11

Rules for Tables and Figures (Illustrations)	11

Rules for Subheads	13

Summaries, Conclusions, and Recommendations	14

Student-Prepared Questionnaires	15

Appendix and Reference Pages	15

3. THE MECHANICS OF PREPARATION	17

Margins	17

Page Numbers	17

Spacing	17

Word Division	19

Italics	19

4. ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING FORMAL PAPERS	20

Foreign Language in Text	20

Who Are We?	20

Keep the Historical Perspective	20

Suggestions for Use of Verb Tense	20

Use Gender-Inclusive Language	22

5. SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING TURABIAN	25

Footnotes (General)	25

Footnotes (Specific)	25

Bibliographical Entries	27

Abbreviations	27

6. SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE	30

In-text References	30

Referencing Quotations in APA	32

Reference List for APA Papers	33

Abbreviations in APA Papers	33

7. SAMPLE STYLE SHEETS FOR PRELIMINARY PAGES	34

Abstract Title Page	35

Sample Abstract	36

Title Page–Doctoral Dissertations	38

Title Page–Master's Thesis	39

Title Page–Undergraduate Honors Project	40

Approval Page–Education: Ph.D. and Ed.D.	41

Approval Page–D.Min.	42

Approval Page–Seminary: Ph.D. and Th.D.	43

Approval Page–Master's Thesis	44

Table of Contents	45

List of Tables/List of Illustrations	47

List of Abbreviations	48

Preface	49

Sample Page Showing Layout	50

APPENDIX: FOOTNOTE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY INFORMATION AND SAMPLES	51

INDEX	56

Chapter 1

GENERAL INFORMATION

This manual is intended as a guide in writing term papers, research projects, theses, doctoral dissertations (including D.Min. dissertations), and any other written work in connection with course work or degree requirements. It sets forth format requirements that are unique to Andrews University. Individual departments of the University may have additional requirements or may specify requirements in greater detail. You must counsel with your adviser and/or guidance committee concerning any special departmental requirements that may apply. All projects, theses, and dissertations should be prepared in the format specified in this manual and in accordance with those special requirements.

STYLE VS. FORMAT

Many students ask, what is the difference between style and format?

Style dictates such matters as whether to use footnotes or in-text references, whether to write numbers as words or figures; capitalization rules, and whether a bibliography or reference list is produced. At the beginning of writing, you and your adviser and/or committee must agree on the style to be used; that style must be followed throughout the paper.

Andrews University requires a certain format for all papers, dissertations, and theses (regardless of style chosen), which includes (1) margins and spacing, (2) the placement and layout of preliminary pages, (3) placement of page numbers, (4) subheads, and (5) how to display tables and figures.

TYPEFACE AND PAPER

Typefaces similar to Times New Roman, New Century Schoolbook, and Courier are acceptable. A serif rather than a sans serif typeface (such as Arial) is preferred. The size of the type should range between 10 and 12 points. Do not use a compressed typeface or any settings on your system that would decrease the spacing between letters or words. The default settings are normally acceptable. The final paper must comply with all the rules regarding format (margins, spacing, and page number placement).

Final copies of research projects, theses, and doctoral dissertations must be made on high-quality, acid-free paper—20# with at least 25 percent cotton rag content—to assure a longer shelf life. This quality paper is neither demanded nor recommended until the very final copy.

DUPLICATION

In general, theses and dissertations are to be photocopied. However, students with a short thesis or dissertation may find that it is more economical to print the required number of copies rather than use a duplicating service. The final product must be clean, straight, and dark enough to be read and duplicated easily.

RECOMMENDED STYLE GUIDES

Before writing, supply yourself with the style guide recommended by your department or program. In matters of format not specified in Standards for Written Work, conform to the specifications of the manual prescribed (and possibly amended) by your department.

Departments	Guide Recommended–Most Recent Edition

Accounting, Economics, and Finance	Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, [latest edition] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Agriculture	Turabian; see above for details.

Allied Health	Follow journal style as used in Diagnostic Medicine; Journal of American Society of Clinical Pathology; and Medical Laboratory Observer, whichever is most appropriate to topic.

Architecture	Turabian; see above for details.

Art, Art History, and Design	Turabian; see above for details.

Aviation Technology	Turabian; see above for details.

Behavioral Sciences	American Psychological Association, Publication Manual, [latest edition] (Washington, DC: Author).

Biology	CBE Style Manual Committee, CBE Style Manual (Arlington, VA: Council of Biology Editors), with departmental revisions; or follow journal style used by	respected journal.

Chemistry	Janet S. Dodd, ed., The ACS Style Guide (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society).

Communication	Joseph Gibaldi and Walter S. Achtert, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (New York: Modern Language Association of America); APA, Publication Manual; see above for details.

Computer Science and	APA, Publication Manual; see above for details.

Information Systems	(Accepted)

Educational Administration	APA, Publication Manual; or Turabian, with in-text

and Supervision	references or footnotes. See above for details. Students must counsel with adviser and committee to determine style at outset of writing.

Educational and Counseling Psychology	APA, Publication Manual; see above for details.

Engineering	Turabian; see details above.

Engineering Technology	Turabian; see details above.

English	Gibaldi and Achtert, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research

(Literature emphasis)	Papers; see above for details.

(Language emphasis)	Linguistic Society of America Style Sheet
(appears annually in December issue of the LSA Bulletin).

(Rhetoric and Composition	APA, Publication Manual; see above for details.

emphasis)

Geography	Turabian; see above for details.

History and Political Science	Turabian; see above for details.

International Languages	Gibaldi and Achtert, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers; see above for details.

Leadership	APA, Publication Manual; see above for details.

Management and Marketing	Turabian; see above for details.

Mathematics	Committee of the AMS, A Manual for Authors of Mathematical Papers (Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society).

Music	Turabian; or Kathleen Dugdale, A Manual of Form for Theses and Term Papers (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Bookstore).

Nursing	APA, Publication Manual; see above for details.

Nutrition (Dietetics)	Follow style used by The American	Dietetics Association Journal.

Physical Education and Health	Turabian; see above for details.

Physical Therapy	American Medical Association Manual of Style (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkens, 1989); also specific recommendations in this manual.

Physics	American Institute of Physics, Style Manual (New York: American Institute of Physics).

Religion and Biblical Languages	Turabian; also specific recommendations in this manual.

Speech-Language Pathology	The American Speech, Language, and Hearing Association,

and Audiology	Journal of Speech and Hearing Research (Danville, IL: Illinois Interstate Publishers and Printers). See also "Information for Authors" inside	back cover; and APA, Publication	Manual; see above for	details.

Teaching and Learning	APA, Publication Manual; see above for details.

Technology Education	Turabian; see above for details.

SDA Theological Seminary	Turabian; see above for details and also specific
recommendations in this manual.

THE TERM PAPER

A term paper is written as a partial fulfillment of one particular course. The teacher of the course sets up the requirements for the term paper. You are directly responsible to that teacher when you write your paper.

THE RESEARCH PROJECT

The project is usually a departmental endeavor. Each project consists of (1) a formal research proposal; (2) the administration of treatments and/or instruments and an analysis of resulting data—unless the project is entirely of a historical, philosophical, or theoretical nature; and (3) the formal reporting of the entire undertaking, including the conclusions and implications of the study.

Adviser

One faculty member is required to serve as an adviser for a project. You may choose this adviser in consultation with your curriculum adviser. Before beginning work on a project, you must have the approval of the project adviser.

You must also file with the department a statement naming the project adviser. In some departments this statement is a written or oral agreement with the department chair; in others the statement appears on the Statement of Adviser and Project Approval form (obtainable at the department office). In the case of a form statement, one copy is given to the adviser and the second is filed with the department. Should a change of adviser or research project become necessary, a new statement must be filed.

Content and Quality

The content of your research project must be directly related to your area of concentration. The substantive content of the research project deals with (1) the testing of theory, (2) the application of theory, and/or (3) a creative, original proposition that you construct regarding a specific problem.

The results of the project should be significant to the existing body of research. It should furnish knowledge in which professional researchers will be interested.

The quality of the project report must reflect a high level of scholarship. The report must be written in the University-approved format recommended in this manual and in the style of the manual approved by the department. The completed working copy must be submitted to your adviser for final suggestions and comments. The finished report must be publishable as it stands.

Number of Copies and Binding

Two copies of your report must be submitted unless your adviser specifies otherwise. One copy is given to your adviser; the other is deposited in the department files. Your project should be submitted in whatever type of report covers or binding specified by the department for which the project is prepared. You are responsible for any expenses incurred in the preparation of your research project.

Deadlines

The final copies of the research project report must be submitted to the research adviser fourteen days preceding the date of graduation. Completed and signed approval forms for the research project must be filed in the Academic Records Office no later than noon on Friday, one week preceding graduation exercises, unless an earlier time is specified by the department.

THESES

A thesis advances a position or proposition and seeks to maintain it by argument. While a research project is considered a departmental endeavor, the thesis is a University endeavor. Furthermore, the thesis is a more in-depth study and usually more lengthy. If you are required or elect to write a thesis, you are guided by a two- or three-member thesis committee nominated by the department chair or program director.

You must first submit a proposal to your thesis committee. The proposal includes (1) the statement of the problem, with an introduction and/or background; (2) the purpose or need of the study; (3) a brief description of the literature and research relevant to the problem; and (4) the proposed methods and procedures that are to be used to solve the problem.

Content and Quality

The thesis must be concerned with some problem in your area of concentration. It should be a contribution to the existing body of research and furnish knowledge in which the scholarly community is interested. The substantive content follows the ideas outlined in the proposal and includes the results, conclusions, and recommendations yielded by the study.

The quality of the thesis must reflect a high level of scholarship. It must be written in the University-approved format recommended in this manual and in the style of the manual approved by the department in which you are enrolled.

When the content of the thesis has been approved by the thesis committee, it must be submitted before the defense to the dissertation secretary who checks the format for conformity with University standards.

Abstract

A 150-word abstract must be submitted with the thesis. For details on the abstract, see Exhibit B.

Number of Copies and Binding

The University requires three copies of the thesis (including the abstract and an approval sheet signed by the thesis committee members). These three copies are submitted unbound to the dissertation secretary; your account is charged for the binding of all three copies. After binding, one copy is placed in the Adventist Heritage Center, one is given to the James White Library, and one is returned to the department in which you did your work. (If you desire additional copies, special arrangements must be made for the binding and mailing of these copies.)

Deadlines

You should register initially for thesis credit no later than one quarter prior to graduation. A typed copy of the thesis must be approved by the thesis committee and then submitted to the dissertation secretary. At least two weeks before conferral of the degree, the final copy of the thesis should be returned to the dissertation secretary for approval. Three copies of the thesis, including an abstract and the approval sheet, must be submitted to the dissertation secretary at least 10 days before graduation.

DISSERTATIONS

The Theological Seminary and the School of Education have prepared handbooks that spell out specific details concerning all aspects of preparing, writing, and completing dissertations for all doctoral degrees. If you are a doctoral student, be reminded that

1. Doctoral abstracts are no longer than 350 words.

2. Ed.D., Ph.D., Th.D., and D.Min. candidates must submit a master copy of the dissertation, including signed approval page, to the dissertation secretary at least two weeks before graduation. From this master copy, four copies will be made for the University (three copies are made for D.Min. students). At this point, the dissertation will notify the Academic Records Office that you have completed your dissertation. This must take place no later than noon on Friday, one week preceding graduation. (Your master copy will be returned to you.)

3. You are expected to follow the rules of format recommended by Andrews University and outlined in this manual.

4. You must make arrangements for the mailing of any additional copies made for personal use.

Chapter 2

CONTENTS OF THE WRITTEN WORK

ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS

Every project report, thesis, and dissertation is composed of three parts: preliminary pages, text, and reference materials. In addition, each thesis and dissertation must have an abstract. All the pages of these parts are presented in a certain order and are counted and/or numbered according to specific rules. Listed below is the order in which the pages appear and pertinent remarks regarding them. Full descriptions of the various parts of the paper follow.

Abstract

Since the abstract with its title page never exceeds four pages, there is no need to number its pages.

Blank page	Page is neither counted nor numbered.

Abstract title page	See Exhibit A.

Abstract	See Exhibit B. Word limit: 150 for projects and theses; 350 for doctoral dissertations.

Preliminary pages

Preliminary pages are numbered at the bottom of the page in lower-case roman numerals and centered under the text.

Title page	A title page must appear in all papers. The format is the same except for the name of the department. This page is usually p. i, but the number does not appear on the page. See Exhibits C, D, and E. The title page for an honors project has its own form.

Blank page (or)	This page is neither numbered nor counted. If a copyright is desired, notice should

Copyright page	appear as follows:

© Copyright by John Doe 2003

All Rights Reserved

The copyright notice is placed in the middle of the page or near the lower left corner (within the margins). The current cost for copyrighting is $45.

Approval page	Approval page varies according to department and degree. See Exhibits F to I. Some programs provide this page; check with the program secretary. This is p. ii, but the number does not appear.

Dedication	Optional. If you make a dedication, keep it brief. It is p. iii.

Table of Contents	The table of contents must reflect the first three levels of subheadings used; it may include the fourth level. See Exhibit J. Ordinarily the first page of the contents is numbered iii; it is numbered iv when there is a dedication.

List of Illustrations	When two or more illustrations (or figures) are in your text, a list of illustrations is

(or Figures)	required. See Exhibit K.

List of Tables	When two or more tables appear in your text, include a list of tables. If both the list of tables and the list of illustrations can fit comfortably on one page, this is preferred. See Exhibit K.

List of Abbreviations	A paper that uses abbreviations—especially in footnotes as done in the Seminary—

must have a list of abbreviations. See Exhibit L.

Preface/	A preface and/or acknowledgments is optional. See Exhibit M.

Acknowledgments

Text

All pages of the text and all reference materials that follow the text are numbered with consecutive arabic numerals. The first page of each major section (such as a chapter) has the number centered ¾ inch from the bottom edge of the paper (i.e., outside the margin). Normally, this is two lines below the bottom line of a full page of text. On all other pages, the number is centered two lines above the text (also outside the margin). Occasionally this may vary in the appendix. See more about this below.

Introduction	An introduction may be used at the beginning of a two-part paper to introduce the format of the study; it may be used before chapter l to set the stage for what follows; or it may be chapter 1, so titled.

Body of paper	The main body of the paper describes the study.

Summary or	The summary and/or conclusion is usually the last chapter and can be so titled; however, in

Conclusion	some papers, especially where there is an introduction that is not chapter 1, a summary may follow the final discussion of the problem, methods, and findings of the study.

Recommendations	When recommendations are made, they usually appear as a part of the final chapter or at the close of the summary and conclusions.

Appendix and bibliography/reference list

The appendix material follows the text and is numbered consecutively in arabic numerals.

Cover sheet(s) or	Cover sheets are optional. They can be used to group and/or identify appendix materials.

half-title pages	These pages, if used, are counted but page numbers do not appear on them.

Appendix(es)	Each appendix is listed separately by number (or letter) in the table of contents. Grouping like materials in one appendix is recommended unless there are very few items. The appendix title and number appear either on a cover sheet or at the top of the first page of each appendix. If like items are grouped together, a cover sheet is recommended. For example, it is best to have all letters grouped in one appendix rather than have a separate appendix for each letter. If page numbers already appear on the appendix material, place your new page numbers in the upper right-hand corner in square brackets.

Glossary/List of	A glossary at the end of the paper is optional and is seldom used. In Seminary papers,

Abbreviations	it is preferable to have the list of abbreviations at the beginning of the paper. Unknown terms needing explanation usually appear as definitions in the first chapter.

Cover sheet or	Optional. A cover sheet is not used unless the same device is used for the

half-title page for	appendixes.

bibliography/

reference list

Bibliography or	In most cases, it is preferable for the bibliography to appear in one list rather than

Reference List	in several categories. Other scholars will find it much simpler to search one list rather than search through several categories to locate items of particular interest. If two or more categories are deemed essential, keep them to an absolute minimum and only with the approval of the adviser.

Vita	A brief résumé in list format of your educational and professional accomplishments is required for all School of Education and D.Min. dissertations and theses.

Blank page	The last sheet that appears in your work is blank.

THE ABSTRACT

The abstract appears at the beginning of each thesis or doctoral dissertation. It consists of a title page and the abstract. Exhibit A shows a sample abstract title page. Note that the inch indicators shown in the margins of the sample page are measured from the top edge of the page.

Seminary students are to use the term adviser on the title page of theses or dissertations; Education students use the term chair.

Abstracts for theses are limited to 150 words. This is only a little more than one page (roughly fifteen lines that average ten words per line). Doctoral dissertations are limited to 350 words (or two or slightly more pages, or thirty-five lines that average ten words per line).

Abstracts written for formal research are frequently, though not necessarily, divided into four sections. See Exhibit B.

Abstract Content

Abstracts that give a report of an empirical study describe:

The Problem	A clear statement of the purpose of the study—in one sentence if possible.

The Method	A clear but brief description of the subjects and pertinent characteristics (number, age, gender, etc.) and the experimental methods that are used (data-gathering procedures, apparatus, instruments, etc.).

The Results	A report on the findings, including statistical significance levels.

Conclusions	A list of conclusions, implications, recommendations, and applications.

Abstracts that review a theoretical or philosophical study include:

The Topic	A clear statement, in one sentence if possible.

The Purpose	A statement that describes the organizing construct and scope of the paper.

The Sources	An indication of the basic published literature used and/or personal observations involved.

Conclusions	A statement of conclusions reached with implications or applications.

PRELIMINARY PAGES

The preliminary pages follow a set format prescribed by the University.

Title Page

The title page gives the name of the University and of the particular department in which you are enrolled. Also included is the title of the study, the course or degree for which the paper is submitted, the author's name, and the date. Honors projects have a special title page.

Dissertations that measure more than two inches in depth, when completed, must be bound in two or more volumes. Each volume contains a title page with the words Volume 1, Volume 2, etc., at the bottom. See Exhibits C, D, and E.

Chapter numbers may be written in roman numerals, words, or arabic numerals, but used consistently throughout.

Approval Page

The approval page varies according to the department and degree. Be sure to choose the one appropriate to your department and for the degree you are pursuing. See Exhibits F through I. Consult with adviser for proper form.

Table of Contents and Lists

The table of contents recommended by Andrews includes at least three levels of subheadings. A fourth level is optional. Chapter titles in the contents should be written in all capitals; subheadings are written in headline style for the first three levels and in sentence style for the fourth.

When using Turabian headline style, do not capitalize articles, coordinate conjunctions, prepositions, or "to" used as part of an infinitive.

APA capitalizes every word of four or more letters regardless of the word's function. The subheads in the table of contents should appear precisely as they appear in the text of the paper. Exhibit J has a sample table of contents.

Lists of tables and illustrations also follow the headline style of writing. The wording of the titles of tables in the list should correspond precisely with that used in the tables as they appear in the text. The wording in the list of illustrations should correspond exactly with the initial portion of the legend that appears beneath the illustrations in the text. If the legend is expanded to give further explanatory information, the expanded portion is not included in the list. See Exhibit K.

When a list of abbreviations is included in the paper, the list is arranged alphabetically according to the abbreviation. The abbreviations (usually in capitals) appear in the left-hand column, with the source they stand for in the right-hand column. Publishing information is not included in the list of abbreviations; however, on rare occasions the name of the author(s) or editor(s) may be included. See Exhibit L.

Preface, Acknowledgments, and Dedication

The preface gives a brief insight into the paper presented. See Exhibit M. The preface usually ends with the acknowledgments. If you write acknowledgments only, simply entitle the page "Acknowledgments."

Some writers like to add a page of dedication. If you use one, make it brief. It follows the approval sheet. See Turabian 1.30 for recommendations.

MAIN BODY OF TEXT

Chapters

Chapter numbers may be written in roman numerals, words, or arabic numbers.

Rules for Tables and Figures (Illustrations)

The preparation of tables and figures requires care regarding spacing, arrangement of headings, and placement with respect to the text; therefore, early consultation with the dissertation secretary is recommended. (Students following Turabian style may choose from two different styles regarding placement of table title and number. Students following APA style must follow only one style. See below.)

1. Tables are numbered consecutively throughout the text and appendix with arabic numerals. Table titles should be presented in accordance with the style manual used in your department.

2. Either double or single spacing may be used in creating visually appealing tables.

3. A table of figure that takes up a half page or more should be centered on a separate page. It can then be inserted into your paper immediately after its first introduction.

4. Do not place short bits of text—less than three lines—before, between, or after tables on a table page. Two short tables or figures that are in succession and are first mentioned on the same text page may share a page.

5. Open tables are preferred; boxed tables may be used if they are short enough to be contained on one page; tables in grids are not recommended.

6. A table may be continued over two or more pages. However, a table that is continued must start at the very top of the page. On the continued page, Table X—Continued. appears at the top left corner of the continued table. A solid line at the end of the table shows that the table is complete.

7. Illustrations include graphs, charts, plans, photographs, diagrams, maps, etc. Sometimes it is advisable to group all illustrations in one section (usually near the end of the paper).

8. Titles of tables appear above the table; captions of figures appear below the figure.

9. A caption for a figure starts at the left-hand margin and is written in sentence style. If the illustration fills the page so completely that there is no room for the caption, the caption is centered on a facing page. In this case, the page number appears on the page with the figure—no page number appears on the facing page; however, the page is counted. (This format is most typical of and frequently used in Biology papers.)

10. Tables or figures that appear on a page with text must be preceded and followed by a quadruple space (three single skipped lines).

Turabian's traditional style

This style shows the table number and title centered and in all capitals. For example:

TABLE 1

POPULATION BY STATE

County	Males	Females

Berrien

Grayling

Saginaw

22,515

9,624

42,167

33,189

10,122

43,090

Turabian's run-in style

With Turabian's run-in style, the table number and title start above the upper left margin of the table. Notice that in this style the title goes no further to the left or right than the limits of the table and a runover line is centered under the rest of the title. In this style, the table title may be written in either sentence or headline style. For example:

Table 2. Factors Influencing Students' Choice of

Andrews University Masters'

Programs (N = 24)

Response	Percentage
Length of program

Flexible program

Pleasant faculty	22.1

30.2

15.7

APA style

APA style recommends that the table number appear at the left margin above the title. The table title is written in headline style and is italicized. See sample below. Note that the APA manual shows table samples with double-spaced lines. Remember that the APA manual shows you how to prepare manuscripts for journal publication, whereas your dissertation/thesis is a finished product for Andrews University. Therefore, double spacing in this case is not mandatory. Single and line-and-a-half spacing may be used as well.

Table 3

Frequencies—Age Group, Gender, and Moral Orientation

Age Group	Moral Orientation

Justice	Integrated	Care M	F	M	F	M	F	Totals

Age

M	F	Group
Young Adults

Mature Adults

7	5	6	10	6	11

6	2	3	8	3	12	22	21	45

13	25	37
Totals	13	7	9	18	9	23	35	46	82
Note. M = males; F = females.

Rules for Subheads

A paper is more readable when the chapters are divided into sections, which in turn may be divided into subsections. Readability is further enhanced by the titles customarily given to these sections and subsections. Such titles, called subheadings, must be used in the correct order. (See samples on next page.)

1. The most important subheadings, called first-level subheadings, are centered and placed in boldface.

2. Second-level subheadings are centered and in text type; they are not in boldface.

3. The third level begins at the left margin and is in boldface.

4. The first three levels of subheads are written in headline style. That is, when using Turabian, all words are capitalized except coordinate conjunctions, articles, prepositions, and "to" when used as part of an infinitive. APA capitalizes all words of four or more letters.	The last two levels (levels 4 and 5) of subheads appear in sentence style (only first word and proper nouns capitalized).

5. Fourth-level subheadings begin at the left-head margin and are in text type.

6. Fifth-level subheadings are indented and run into the paragraph; they are in bold type and end with a period.

7. Centered subheads (and titles) may not exceed 4¾ inches and are arranged in inverted-pyramid style.

8. Margin subheads may not extend beyond mid-page. The left side is flush with the left margin; the right is arranged in inverted-pyramid style.

9. Words in titles and subheads may not be hyphenated at the end of a line; neither does punctuation appear at the end of a line (except level 5, which ends with a period).

10. A triple space (skip 2 single lines) appears before subheads. See Exhibit N.

11. A double space (skip 1 single line) appears after subheads. See Exhibit N.

12. A subhead cannot be the last line on a page. At least one line of text, preferably two, must appear after the subhead.

Sample subheads:

Experimental Programs in North American

Seventh-day Adventist Education

Experimental Programs in Religion

Student-Teacher Cooperation in

Syllabus Development

Importance of student input

Students feel responsible. When the students . . .

Level 1

(centered, bold)

Level 2

(centered, not bold)

Level 3

(left margin, bold)

Level 4

(left margin, not bold)

Level 5

(indented, bold)
Summaries, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Ordinarily a study is summarized at the close, and the principal findings of the research are briefly stated. By studying the table of contents and reading the summary, another researcher should be able to determine whether or not further reading would contribute to his or her own research.

Recommendations, when made, usually appear at the close of the summary chapter.

In some papers, it may be advantageous to write a brief overview of what the chapter contains at the beginning of each chapter and a short summary of what the chapter has said at the close of each chapter. However, this is not essential or even practical in all papers. Consult with your committee adviser or chair on this point.

STUDENT-PREPARED QUESTIONNAIRES

Many research papers require student-prepared questionnaires. If your paper requires such an instrument, be aware that your instrument must appear in the appendix as it is presented to the respondents. Parts of the instrument may also appear in the main body of your paper. With this in mind, observe the following:

1. Each question/statement must be in the same tense and in parallel grammatical construction.

2. Spelling, grammar, and punctuation must be corrected before the instrument is used.

3. Rules governing margins, spacing, etc., of the dissertation proper should be followed in the preparation of the questionnaire.

APPENDIX AND REFERENCE PAGES

Appendix

The appendix contains materials that are not essential to the paper but that are useful to the reader. When the materials in the appendix fall into several categories, group similar materials in one appendix. For example, all letters should appear in one appendix, all maps in another, all tables in another, etc. Each category of the appendix is given a number or a letter (Appendix 1, Appendix 2, or Appendix A, Appendix B). Each category of the appendix is numbered/lettered and titled. For example (centered on half-title page or centered at the top of first page of the specific appendix):

APPENDIX 1	APPENDIX 2	(or) APPENDIX A

LETTERS	QUESTIONNAIRES	RAW DATA

Glossary

A glossary may be included in a paper which uses many technical names or foreign words likely to be unfamiliar to the reader. A list of words and their definitions or translations would be very helpful. If all such words are listed under Definitions of Terms in the main text, it is unnecessary to include a glossary.

Bibliography/Reference List

List all bibliographic entries in one alphabetical list. It is much easier to find a specific entry in such a list and, therefore, is a courtesy to the reader. If two or more categories are considered essential, keep the categories to an absolute minimum and make it clear to the reader how the list is divided and why.

The style for writing bibliographical entries follows the recommendations of the particular department for which you are writing. If your department permits more than one style, establish with your adviser the style you are to follow at the very outset of your study before typing or putting your material into a computer. Be sure this information is written down and is always passed along to all committee members, the dissertation secretary, and your typesetter each time the material is distributed.

Most but not all papers in Education follow APA style (the latest edition); Biology theses follow the journal style most appropriate for the publication of the specific topic; certain departments recommend the style of a specific journal or manual appropriate to the discipline; and Religion and Seminary papers follow Turabian (latest edition) style B. Certain types of entries used in the Seminary are somewhat modified—examples are shown in this manual.

There may be a time when a particular topic lends itself to an alternate style. This is especially true of papers in Religious Education, which are more apt to use Turabian than APA. It is very important to establish very early in your writing the style you are going to use. Modified styles presented in this manual and preferred primarily for theology, religion, and religious education papers take precedence over those presented in other style manuals.

Papers using Turabian usually include fairly extensive background sources as well as references. These papers have a bibliography. If only the most pertinent background sources are included, use a selected bibliography.

Papers in APA include only those sources mentioned in the paper. In this case, use the term reference list.

In all three cases, all sources quoted or mentioned in the text must appear in the bibliography/reference list.

Vita

A vita, the last entry in a paper, is required for all Education papers and D.Min. dissertations. No set form exists for a vita, but it should be very brief—no more than one page.

Chapter 3

THE MECHANICS OF PREPARATION

MARGINS

For theses and dissertations, the left-hand margin must be at least 1½ inches and all other margins must be at least one full inch. The initial page of a chapter or a major section (i.e., table of contents, bibliography, etc.) has a full 2-inch margin at the top of the page. For term papers, a left-hand margin of one inch is preferred.

Margins may be slightly larger than prescribed, but they may not be smaller.

PAGE NUMBERS

All preliminary pages and pages with major headings (i.e., the first page of a chapter or major section) are numbered at the bottom of the page. All other pages are numbered at the top. Page numbers are centered above or below the text. When the page number appears at the top of the page, allow a double space (skip one single line) between page number and first line of text. Page numbers at the bottom of the page always appear approximately ¾ inch from the bottom of edge of the paper no matter where the text ends. At least one double space (skip one single line) must appear, however, between the last line of text and the page number. Placement of numbers must be consistent so all page numbers appear in the same place (either above or below the text, as just described) on every page. Page numbers do not have any periods or other embellishments. Pages in the appendix that have xeroxed pages or original sources, such as tests or other instruments that already carry numbers, are numbered consecutively with your paper, but the numbers may be placed just inside the margin in the upper right-hand corner and within square brackets.

SPACING

General Rules

All text is double spaced. Block quotations are single spaced. Paragraphs are indented one-half inch and block quotations are indented one-quarter inch. (A block quotation is a direct quote of eight or more lines [Turabian and MLA] or forty or more words [APA].)

Runover lines of bibliographic entries are indented one-half inch.

Use a ragged right margin rather than a justified margin.

The last line of a paragraph should not appear at the top of a page (widow line) unless it reaches at least to the midpoint of the page.

Specific Spacing Rules

Four spaces (skip three single lines)

When a table or figure appears on a page with text, leave four spaces (skip three single lines) both above and beneath the table or figure.

Triple space (skip two single lines)

Triple spacing is used

1. between chapter number and chapter title

2. between chapter title and whatever follows

3. before subheads that are followed by text.

Double space (skip one single line)

Double spacing is used

1. between lines of the text

2. between lines of a two-line title

3. between subheads and text that follows

4. between subsequent (or consecutive without intervening text) subheads

5. between footnotes

6. between bibliography entries

7. between captions in a list of tables or illustrations

8. between footnote line (which is 20 spaces long) and the first footnote (Note this rule carefully as it is here that many problems arise when material is entered into the computer.)

9. between page number at the top of page and text

10. between main divisions of table of contents and subsections

11. between table number and table title when using either the traditional (Turabian) or APA styles.

Single space

Single spacing is used

1. between lines of the title, a chapter title, and table titles when they are more than two lines in length

2. between lines of subheads that are more than one line long

3. between lines in a block quotation

4. between lines of a footnote

5. between lines of entries in the bibliography

6. between lines of a source note below tables and figures

7. between lines of the subsections in the table of contents

8. between lines of a caption in a list of tables or illustrations

9. between text (no matter where it ends) and the 20-space footnote line

10. between some entries in a long table.

Spacing of tables and illustrations (figures)

When tables are typed, the overall size of the table, the limitations of margins, and "eye appeal" should all be considered. Use double spacing, space and a half, or even single spacing to produce the best-
appearing, most-readable, and practical table. In some cases it may be necessary to reduce the size of the table to show it to best advantage and still comply with the margin limitations. In that event, the page number must be added after the reduction process.

Spacing after punctuation

1. One space follows commas (including Bible texts and page numbers), semicolons, and colons used in the text and references. One space follows periods used with initials of personal names.

2. Either one or two spaces follow end-sentence punctuation (but consistently done). Use only one space after periods in references.

3. No spaces appear

a. after periods of abbreviations (except for personal names)

b. between chapter and verse in Scripture references

c. between hour and minutes in time

d. between volume and pages in references

e. between components of a ratio

f. before and after hyphens or dashes.

4. Ellipsis points are used only in quoted material and have one space before and after each of three dots used to indicate omitted material. Four dots, with no space before the first dot, indicate material omitted at the end of a sentence—the first dot represents the period. Do not use ellipsis points at the beginning or end of any quotation unless it is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of the quotation.

WORD DIVISION

In general, words at the ends of lines should be divided only when absolutely necessary, and then according to syllabication as shown in the dictionary. Never make a one-letter division; avoid two-letter divisions; divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen; and never divide the last word in a paragraph, the last word of the text, or the last word on the page. Avoid placing two hyphens in a row at the right margin. More than two are not permitted. Turabian (6th ed.) has an excellent section on "Division of Words" (3.35-
3.53).

ITALICS

Place in italics (never underlining) foreign words and titles of books, journals, and magazines. Italics for emphasis should be used very sparingly.

Chapter 4

ADDITIONAL SUGGESTIONS FOR

WRITING FORMAL PAPERS

FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN TEXT

Questions concerning the language to be used arise in many dissertations. Ordinarily, only one language should be used in the main body of the text. A direct quote, therefore, in a foreign language should be translated or taken from a translation. If the wording in the original language is important, the translation should be given in the text and the original in the footnote. If there is to be systematic discussion of the meaning of the language of the original, the quotation may be given in the text. When the quote is taken from an edition other than the original text, the reference to that edition is given; when it is taken from a translation the reference to the translation is given. The most authoritative edition of the text, if several editions are available, should be used. You should discuss this problem with your thesis or dissertation committee chair or adviser so that you reach an agreement on how the foreign language is to be treated before you begin to write.

WHO ARE WE?

Do not use the editorial "we." "We" did not carry out the research, choose the topic, or make any conclusions. However, you may assume that your reader is following along with you (e.g., "We now turn to" or "Let us now look at").

Writing in the third person (i.e., using "this writer," "this researcher") gives the impression that you did not take part in the research, or that you are distancing yourself from what you have done. Either use the first person—"I instructed the students"—or recast the sentence to say "Students were instructed."

KEEP THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

When you are writing, keep in mind your reader who may be reading in the future. For example, if you write "Today's educators promote [something]," consider how your statement may be understood in the year 2020. It is better to clarify such a statement with "Educators in the 1980s promote [something]."

Also consider carefully the historical perspective of your subject, especially in your literature review. Comparisons, agreements, or disagreements should be thought out very carefully. For example, it would be misleading to say that Brown, who died in 1920, disagreed with Smith, who wrote in 1965. It would be permissible, however, for Smith, in 1965, to express an opinion that disagrees with what Brown wrote in 1915. Also, because of disparity of the dates, Brown and Smith can hardly concur with one another. It would be possible for Smith to concur with Brown's opinion, however.

Another historical problem that confuses many non-Adventist readers is the writings of Ellen G. White. If her writings are used in a historical setting, it is important to include the date when the quoted statement was made as well as the date of a compilation, which was probably done years after her death.

SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF VERB TENSE

Some general principles concerning the use of verb tenses in written research reports should be kept in mind.

1. References made to the study itself are in the past tense. You are commenting on work you did before the report was written.

2. The discussion within the report that interprets the data presented may be in the present or past tense.

3. Principles that you identified, formulated, or created may be stated in the present tense.

4. A timeless principle that you use but that has been identified by someone else may be stated in the present tense.

Examples

Tense	Occasion

1 .	Past	References made to the study itself in explaining procedures, analyses, etc., during the course of the study.

Example: The instrument was refined, the data analyzed, and the findings summarized.

2 .	Present or	Speaking directly to the reader in explanation or interpretation.

combination of	Example: Table 5 shows that most people like oranges.

present and past	Example: Table 5 shows that most people liked oranges.

The reference to the table is always present, but the interpretation of the data may be expressed either in the present or the past.

3.	Present or past	Referring to other researchers.

Example: Freud differed with Skinner where personality development is concerned.

Example: Freud differed with Skinner where personality development was concerned.

When writing from the view of the historical past, use the past tense. If stating what carries weight now, use the present tense. It is usually easier to write in the active voice in the present tense, and the active voice is usually easier to read.

4.	Present	Referring to principles you or other researchers identified.

Example: Bodies that are heavier than air fall toward the earth.

Example: Husbands differ from wives when it comes to child-rearing practices.

5.	Past, present, or a	When reviewing other persons' research reports.

combination	Example: Jones (1963) found that children did not like interacting with hostile parents.

Example: Jones (1963) found that children do not like interacting with hostile parents.

Keep in mind when reporting on the research of others that there is the chance that the researcher has at some point changed opinions. You may write: "In his 1968 study, Brown states that this test revealed . . ." Or you can say: "Brown (1968) stated that this test revealed . . ." However, it may give a false impression to state unequivocally: "Brown states that this test reveals . . ."

USE GENDER-INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE

For almost twenty years, the editors of many professional journals have been advocating the use of gender-inclusive language for the articles they print. This is especially true of those who prepare journals representing disciplines that include many women (i.e., education, library science, and nursing).

The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE), among others, makes several suggestions as to how to handle the general problems of sexist language.

Omission of Women

1. Man in its original sense carried the dual meaning of adult human and adult male, but its meaning has come to be so closely identified with adult male that the generic use of man and other words with masculine connotation should be avoided whenever possible.

Example	Alternative

mankind	humanity

man-made	synthetic, manufactured, machine-made

the common man	the average person, ordinary people

2. The use of man in occupational terms where persons holding the jobs could be either male or female should be avoided.

Example	Alternative

chairman	coordinator (of a committee or a department)

moderator (of a meeting),	presiding officer, head, chair

steward, stewardess	flight attendant

policeman, policewoman	police officer

3. Since there is no generic singular pronoun to denote gender, we have used he, his, and him in such expressions as "the student . . . he." Seek alternative approaches to avoid the exclusion of women.

a. Recast into plural.

Example	Alternative

Give each student his paper as soon as	Give students their papers as soon as

he is finished.	they are finished.

b. Reword to eliminate problem.

Example	Alternative

The average student is worried about	The average student is worried about grades.

his grade.

c. Replace masculine pronoun with one, you (only in informal text), or (very sparingly) he or she.

Example	Alternative

If the student was satisfied with his score,	The student who was satisfied with his

he took the test.	or her score took the test.

If he passes the test, he has the	One who passes the test has the option

option to go on to the next unit.	to go on to more difficult problems.

d. Alternate male and female expressions.

Example	Alternative

Let each student take an active role. Has	Let each student take an active role. Has she had a

he had a chance to talk? Does he feel	chance to talk? Does he feel left out?

left out?

e. Certain phrases assume that all readers are men.

Example	Alternative

The delegates and their wives were invited	The delegates and their spouses were invited to a dinner.

to a dinner.

Demeaning Women

1. Men and women should be treated in parallel terms in descriptions, marital status, and titles.

Example	Alternative

the lady doctor	the doctor

Senator Percy and Shirley Chisholm	Charles Percy and Shirley Chisholm

Mr. Percy and Mrs. Chisholm
Senator Percy and Representative Chisholm

2. Terms that patronize or trivialize women should be eliminated.

Example	Alternative

gal Friday	assistant

ladies	women (unless ladies is paired with gentlemen)

poetess	poet

coed	student

Gender-Role Stereotyping

1. Women should be shown as participating on an equal basis. The statement "Charles is a male nurse" and "Louise is a woman doctor" are equally objectionable.

Example	Alternative

Executives become so involved with business	Executives become so involved with

that they neglect their wives and children.	business that they neglect their families.

Jane's husband lets her have a part-time job.	Jane works part time.

2. Jobs and roles should not be stereotyped.

Example	Alternative

The elementary teacher . . . she . . .	Elementary teachers . . . they . . .

The principal . . . he . . .	Principals . . . they . . .

A nurse . . . she . . .	Nurses . . . they . . .

Have your mother send a lunch with you.	Ask your parents to send a lunch with you.

Research

Those involved in writing up the results of their research should keep in mind the following counsel from Guidelines for Nonsexist Use of Language in NCTE Publications.

1. Careful consideration should be given to the methodology and content of research to ensure that it carries no sexist implications. (This does not deny the legitimacy of research designed, for example, to study gender differences in the performance of certain skills.)

2. The sample population should be carefully defined. If both males and females are included, references to individual subjects in the report of the research should not assume that they are male only.

3. The examples used for case studies should be balanced in numbers of male and female subjects if both genders were involved in the study.

Chapter 5

SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING TURABIAN

Before you start to work on the references for your term paper, thesis, research project, or doctoral dissertation, make sure that Turabian-style references are those preferred by your department and/or chair. Certain types of references lend themselves to certain disciplines.

Footnotes follow different guidelines. The style recommended by Andrews University is that which is designated style N in Turabian's Manual (latest edition). Specific recommendations for certain types of footnotes used primarily in papers prepared for the Seminary appear in this manual.

FOOTNOTES (GENERAL)

Footnote numbering starts over with each page. Thus the first note on each page is numbered 1. This eliminates extensive renumbering if a footnote is added or deleted. It is also a convenience to your reader when the finished document is on microfilm or microfiche. Because dissertations will eventually be reproduced on microfilm and/or microfiche, you must be aware that while footnotes may be presented in a typeface smaller than the text, they may not under any circumstances be in a typeface smaller than 10 points. Anything smaller is virtually unreadable in fiche.

The first note to a reference includes all the facts of publication. Subsequent footnotes to the same work are given in a shortened form.

References to E. G. White's books should follow the same guidelines as other works. Abbreviations familiar to Seventh-day Adventists may be used in the text only when the research deals specifically with White's writings. In such a case, a list of abbreviations must be included in the preliminary pages, and the date of the writing (as well as the date of the edition quoted—if there is a difference) should be indicated.

FOOTNOTES (SPECIFIC)

Several specific suggestions are given here to guide the writing of footnotes.

1. Turabian's Manual (6th ed.) recommends that an author's full name must appear in the first footnote reference. For Seminary papers, in the first reference to a work, whether in the text or in a footnote, the author's name should appear as given on the title page of the work cited. However, should the title page carry the author's surname only, the first initial should be supplied from some other source if at all possible.

2. Turabian (2.67) gives a detailed table for using continued or inclusive page numbers in references. You may use this system or you may write out all numbers; whichever system you use, follow it consistently throughout the paper.

3. Footnotes for encyclopedia articles should include the following sequence of information: Author, article title, name of encyclopedia, edition, date, volume, and page number(s) for the first citation of the article. This is a departure from Turabian 11.43. However, unsigned encyclopedia articles are written with the name of the encyclopedia first, followed by the number of the edition and s.v. with the name of the article—as recommended by Turabian 11.42. (Bible dictionary and Lexicon references follow the same form as that used for encyclopedias except that publishing information is included in the bibliography.)

4. References for commentaries with unsigned articles include the following sequence: Article title, commentary title, name of editor, place of publisher, publisher, date, and volume and page number. In commentaries such as the SDA Bible Commentary, some articles appear on specific subjects. Where this occurs, the article title can be used. Comments on the Bible text, however, often appear without a specific title. In this instance, use the title of the book under discussion (e.g., "Isaiah"—in quotation marks) as the article title and follow with the pertinent information. (See sample of correct form in the appendix.)

5. References for journal articles should follow Turabian 11:39 and 11.40. The month or season designation may be omitted, leaving only the year date, unless each issue starts pagination at page 1. However, it may be a courtesy to your reader to leave in the month or season to facilitate his/her research. If the volume year spans two or more calendar years, the years should be hyphenated and only one space follows the colon before the page number—i.e., JSOT 1 (1978-79): 34.

6. When a reprint edition is used, imprint information as the original source may be limited to whatever information is available in the reprinted edition itself (usually appearing on the front or back of the title page). Paperback editions may be referenced with whatever information is available in the specific paperback edition itself. In both cases, however, students must realize that in certain papers which deal with historical sequence or with systematic thought development of a particular author—or where the date of a reprint might mislead the reader—it is very important to include original publication dates. Seek your adviser's counsel in this matter.

7. Since the purpose of references is to identify sources and to make it easy for the reader to locate them, supplementary information such as translators, authors of forewords and introductions, names of lecture series, colloquia, etc., are optional unless they are of specific importance in any given case.

8. References to ancient and medieval works (such as classical, patristic, and rabbinic sources) should use arabic numbers (as recommended in Turabian 8.119-8.127). Note that no spaces occur between periods and numerals, but spaces do follow commas and semicolons.

9. Abbreviations may be used in footnotes for commonly used sources (but never in the bibliography). If such sources are abbreviated, a list of abbreviations must appear in the preliminary pages of the paper. Counsel with your thesis or dissertation committee members and determine their preference on this matter before writing. (See information on abbreviations below.)

10. When Bible references are used, they are assumed to be from the King James Version unless otherwise indicated. Other versions should be indicated immediately following the reference, whether in the body of the text or in a footnote, i.e., Luke 4:1 (RSV); Mark 1:10 (Moffat). When a version other than King James is the primary source for references, you must state this in a footnote with the first reference. In such a case, the King James Version as well as any others used must be noted each time a text is cited.

11. The title of a set of commentaries (ICC, NICOT, etc.) used as an often-quoted source may be abbreviated, provided it appears in a list of abbreviations. Each time a new contributing author of an article for a commentary is introduced, the footnote follows the requirements for a first footnote.

12. When referencing a series, the name of the series (abbreviated, if appropriate) and the item should be supplied; however, the name of the series editor may be omitted. Each time a different author from the series is cited, the footnote follows the requirements of a first footnote.

13. Remember that every direct quote (whether in the text or written as a block) must have a reference. The reference number appears immediately after the quotation mark (when in the text) or at the end of the block. Other specific information, whether a direct quote or not, should also be referenced.

It is impossible for any manual to give detailed information to cover every type of reference. If your paper requires specialized types of references, you should meet with your adviser, department chair, and/or thesis or dissertation committee when you begin writing. The form to be followed for specialized references should be agreed upon and written down. A typed copy of the agreed-upon style should be presented to each committee member, the dissertation secretary, and your typesetter whenever reading, editing, or typesetting is done so that all are aware of the style and consistency can be maintained throughout the paper.

Some sample entries typically used in theological papers appear in the appendix.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRIES

Students using Turabian footnotes (style N) must use Turabian bibliography entries (style B). The appendix of this manual has some examples of entries that are typical of the theology discipline. These are given for the convenience of students in the SDA Theological Seminary or in Religious Education.

Rules for Bibliographical Entries

1. Bibliographic entries should appear in one alphabetical list. If more than one category is considered essential, categories must be kept to an absolute minimum and be carefully explained.

2. Runover lines in bibliographic entries are indented one-half inch.

3. Entries are single spaced; a double space appears between entries.

4. One entry should not be split between two pages.

5. Every source (except Bible versions) used in the text must be referenced in the bibliography.

ABBREVIATIONS

The list of common abbreviations given by Turabian (2.26) and the rules that govern them are generally to be followed. However, there are a few exceptions.

1. Turabian 2.13 gives the abbreviations for states and territories to be used in footnotes and bibliographies.

2. Always spell out the words "appendix," "line," "lines," and (in Seminary papers) "versus." The abbreviation "etc." is accepted in all papers, in text as well as footnotes. Seminary papers also use the following abbreviations in the text when they are followed by a number: chap., chaps.—"chapter," "chapters"; vs., vss.—"verse," "verses." Other abbreviations accepted by nearly everyone in theological circles are OT, NT, MS, MSS, MT, and LXX. These are used without periods and MS and MSS are used only for specific citations.

3. The abbreviations "f." or "ff." are not to be used for pages in books or an article. (If scattered information occurs, cite the exact page references and add "passim.") These abbreviations "f." or "ff." may occasionally be used in connection with verses or with lines of a text; but, if possible, the specific verses and specific lines should be indicated.

4. Scripture references that include chapter and chapter and verse are to be abbreviated. Scripture abbreviations are not followed by a period.

5. References to biblical passages, Apocryphas, and Mishnah may be put in parentheses in the text with prior consent of the thesis or dissertation adviser. Standard abbreviations, as shown below, should be used.

6. Abbreviations of theological sources may be used in footnotes, but only when a list of abbreviations is included in the paper and with prior consent of the thesis or dissertation adviser.

7. Biblical languages may be printed in Greek or Hebrew characters or transliterated according to the scheme found inside the back cover of each issue of Andrews University Seminary Studies. Either system is acceptable, but the two should not be mixed.

8. For a list of abbreviations of standard books and periodicals in religion and biblical studies, pseudepigraphical and early patristic works, Dead Sea scrolls and related texts, targumic and rabbinic materials, see Andrews University Seminary Studies 32 (Autumn 1994): 310-320. (This material is available in offprint form from the AUSS office, N136 Seminary Hall, 471-6023.) A longer list of the same kinds of abbreviations appears in the Journal of Biblical Studies 107 (Spring 1988): 579-596 or on the home page of the Society for Biblical Literature, http://scholar.cc.emory.edu. A comprehensive list of abbreviations for books, book series, and journals appears in Theologische Realenzyklopaedie: Abkurzungverzeichnis (Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1994). For Josephus, as for all other classical Greek authors, follow the abbreviations listed in H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, eds., A Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). For Latin writers, use the forms listed in the Oxford Latin Dictionary, ed. P. G. W. Glare (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982). For other abbreviations, work closely with your adviser.

Biblical Book Abbreviations

It is suggested that all departments and schools within the University use the biblical book abbreviations recommended in the Seminary Style Guide. They are written with no periods.

Gen	1 Kgs	Prov	Amos	Matt	Phil	1 Pet

Exod	2 Kgs	Eccl	Obad	Mark	Col	2 Pet

Lev	1 Chr	Cant	Jonah	Luke	1 Thess	1 John

Num	2 Chr	Isa	Mic	John	2 Thess	2 John

Deut	Ezra	Jer	Nah	Acts	1 Tim	3 John

Josh	Neh	Lam	Hab	Rom	2 Tim	Jude

Judg	Esth	Ezek	Zeph	1 Cor	Titus	Rev

Ruth	Job	Dan	Hag	2 Cor	Phlm

1 Sam	Ps	Hos	Zech	Gal	Heb

2 Sam	(Pss)	Joel	Mal	Eph	Jas

Abbreviations are used when specific chapter or chapter-and-verse references are given, not when the Bible book name alone is used.

Apocryphal References

1 Kgdm	Add Esth	2 Esdr	1 Macc	Pr Azar	Tob

2 Kgdm	Bar	4 Ezra	2 Macc	Pr Man	Wis

3 Kgdm	Bel	Jdt	3 Macc	Sir

4 Kgdm	1 Esdr	Ep Jer	4 Macc	Sus

Chapter 6

SPECIFIC CONCERNS FOR THOSE USING APA STYLE

IN-TEXT REFERENCES

In some disciplines, references are given in text and not as footnotes. Complete information appears only in the bibliography or reference list. In the text, only the essential portion of the reference is given (i.e., the surname of the author(s), date of publication, and—where necessary—the page(s) of the reference). The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, [latest ed.]) provides excellent material on how to write in-text references and how to make up a reference list.

Turabian's Manual (latest edition) also recommends a style for in-text references. These are referred to as parenthetical references by Turabian and designated PR in the sample pages. If these are used, then the Turabian-style entries labeled RL in her manual should be used for the Reference List.

The in-text style generally recommended at Andrews University and especially by the School of Education is APA. If you plan to write a major paper using APA style, consider the APA Publication Manual an essential tool. A brief review of APA in-text referencing is shown here; however, students using this style should purchase a manual of their own to be apprised of all the details.

Citing One Author

In 1985, Smith studied . . .

or

Smith (1985) studied . . .

or

A recent study (Smith, 1985) indicates that . . .

or

The results of the experiment (Smith, 1985, pp. 73-75) . . .

or

Smith (1985, chap. 5) gives a summary . . .

Citing Two Authors

Smith and Johnson (1986) found . . .

or

A recent study (Smith & Johnson, 1986) found . . .

Note that when Smith and Johnson appear in the text, the word and is written out. When the names appear in parenthesis, an ampersand (&) is used.

Citing More than Two Authors

First citation

Smith, Johnson, and Brown (1985) found . . .

or

One study (Smith, Johnson, & Brown, 1986) found . . .

Subsequent citations

Smith et al. (1985) found that . . .

or

One study (Smith and others, 1985) found . . .

or

Smith and others (1985) found that . . .

or

Another study (Smith et al., 1985) found that . . .

Several Works at the Same Point

Same author

Several studies (Smith, 1977, 1982, 1983) show . . .

Different authors

Recent studies (Brown, 1984; Johnson & Smith, 1987; Morrison, 1979; Smith, Abel, & Oglethorpe, 1982) indicate . . .

Note that the authors' names are listed in alphabetical order.

Several Studies by One Author in the Same Year

Smith (1984a) has pointed out that . . .

or

Several studies (Brown, 1980; Smith, 1985a, 1985b, in press) indicate that . . .

No Author Given

Current information (Education Handbook, 1987) shows . . .

Recent studies in this area ("Six Studies on Learning," 1975) seem to show . . .

Corporate Author

Statistics released (NIMH, 1986) seem to show . . .

In the reference list this would be spelled out as National Institutes of Mental Health.

Other examples would be: (GC, 1975, pp. 1-5) (NEA, 1979).

Authors with the Same Surname

If two or more authors have the same surname, use the initials or, if necessary, the complete name of each author in all citations to avoid confusion.

Personal Communication

L. R. Brown (personal communication, October 20, 1987) said . . .

This form is used for letters, memoirs, telephone conversations, etc., with the author; such references do not appear in the reference list.

Multivolume Works

Style l: Smith (1983, 3:65) points out. . .

or

Style 2: Smith (1982, vol. 3, p. 65) points out. . .

Once a style has been chosen, it should be used throughout the paper.

Secondary Source

Brown (as cited in Smith, 1985) stated that. . .

or

A recent study (Johnson, 1984, as cited in Smith, 1987) points out. . .

Note: In the reference list, only the source where you found the material is listed.

Translated, Reprinted, or Republished Works

(Freud, 1933/1974)

Note that the first date is that of the original publication and the second is the date it was republished, reprinted, or published in the translated form. This information is especially useful if the study is following a historical sequence.

Second Use of the Source

A study or an author may be mentioned again without the year as long as it is very clear to the reader which study is indicated. APA suggests that the date should reappear with each new paragraph. This is true if several studies are being compared or introduced. If one study is being discussed, the date should appear just often enough to reassure the reader that the same study is under consideration.

The term ibid. is not used in APA references. If the author and date are mentioned in the immediate text, the page number only, e.g., (p. 6), appears in-text. If the authorship of the quote may be in any doubt, the full reference, e.g., (Smith & Brown, 1986, p. 6), must be repeated.

REFERENCING QUOTATIONS IN APA

Three types of quotations may be used in a paper: direct quotations, indirect quotations, and block quotations. Direct quotations, which include block quotations, always include a page-number reference. With indirect quotations, be sure to include a page number whenever a specific opinion or important piece of information is credited to a specific author even though you phrase that opinion and/or information in your own words.

Direct Quotation

He stated, "The entry of the child into the strange environment causes the disturbed behavior" (Smith, 1985, p. 123), but he did not specify how the behavior was disturbed.

Smith (1985) did not specify how the child's behavior was affected, but he did state that "entry of the child into the strange environment caused disturbed behavior" (p. 123).

Note here that the page reference appears after the quotation mark but before the period.

Indirect Quotation

In his study, Smith (1985) observed that when the child entered the strange environment, disturbed

behavior resulted (p. 123).

Block Quotation

A direct quotation of forty words or more should be treated as a block quotation.

Note: The final punctuation follows the material quoted. The reference follows the final punctuation but is not followed by any punctuation.

Smith (1985) stated:

After the child made some friends and identified with the adult in charge, the disturbed behavior decreased. The time factor required for this "settling in" process varied from child to child, depending on the age of the child, the general atmosphere of the new environment, and the temperaments of both the child and the adult involved. (p. 124)

REFERENCE LIST FOR APA PAPERS

The APA Publication Manual recommends a reference list, where each source actually used in the paper must be included in the list. No extra works are allowed. However, APA advises that some committees may require evidence that students are familiar with a broader spectrum of literature. Therefore, if sources other than those actually used in the paper are included, the reference list would be titled "Bibliography."

Rules of Reference Lists

1. Reference lists should appear as one alphabetical list.

2. Runover lines in references are indented by the regular default.

3. Entries are single spaced. (APA manual shows double spacing for those preparing journal copy for publication. Since you are preparing a document in final form, double spacing is not used here.) A double space is used between entries.

4. One entry should not be split between two pages.

5. Each entry must have an author's name (an eight-space line is not permitted).

6. Several references by one author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first—not alphabetically by title.

ABBREVIATIONS IN APA PAPERS

If you use APA style, follow the abbreviation rules in the APA Publication Manual (pp. 103-111). Abbreviations for states and territories (used in reference list) are shown on p. 218. If your paper uses biblical references, follow the abbreviations recommended above in the section for writers using Turabian style. Note that biblical abbreviations are not followed by a period.

Chapter 7

SAMPLE STYLE SHEETS FOR PRELIMINARY PAGES

The following sample style sheets indicate the format for the abstract and for preliminary pages required by the University. The stipulations are mandatory except where otherwise specifically indicated. Not every study necessitates the inclusion of all preliminary pages illustrated. For example, studies do not always contain tables or figures. However, every preliminary page necessitated by the nature of the study must follow the indicated form precisely.

[Exhibit A: Abstract title page]

[Approximate inches are measured from the top edge of the paper.]

[3"]	ABSTRACT

[4"]	STUDY OF THE CRITERIA AND SELECTIVE PROCESSES

FOR ADMISSION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

TO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST COLLEGES

AND UNIVERSITIES

[6"]	by

Mary Jane White

Chair: Robert Williamson	[7"]

or

Adviser: (for Seminary papers)

[Exhibit B: Sample abstract]

[2"]	ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH

[double space—skip 1 line]

Dissertation

[triple space—skip 2 lines]

Andrews University

[double space—skip 1 line]

School of Education	[or whatever school

your program represents]

[The word "Title" appears 4" from the top. If it is more than one line long, single space and line up subsequent lines with the first letter of the title.]

Title: VALUE SYSTEMS IN BLACK AND WHITE LOWER-CLASS CHILDREN

Name of researcher: John R. Brownly

Name and degree of faculty chair: John J. Doe, Ph.D.

[Seminary students use faculty adviser.]

Date completed: June 1994

[triple space—skip 2 lines]

Problem

Compensatory education programs have recently received extensive

publicity, particularly regarding the question of teaching values. This

present study was to determine to what extent the values of lower-class

African-American children differ from those of lower-class White

children.

Method

The Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, modified for use with

children, furnished scores for six value classifications. The two-way

analysis of variance was used to analyze the influence of race and

gender on each of the six values.

Thirty-six African-American and 26 White lower-class children in

Grades 5 and 6 were studied.

Results

No differences appeared in the theoretical, economic, aesthetic, and political values. The African Americans had a higher religious value

than Whites (p < .03), while Whites had a higher social value (p < .05).

Conclusions

Differences in values of African-American and White lower-class

children do exist, but educators can use shared values when planning

classes. Apparently neither race nor social class significantly

determines one's values; values differ within social classes and races

according to other variables.

[Exhibit C: Title page—Doctoral dissertations]

[2.5"]	Andrews University

Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary	[appropriate

school title]

[4"]	STUDY OF THE CRITERIA AND SELECTIVE PROCESSES

FOR ADMISSION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

TO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST COLLEGES

AND UNIVERSITIES

[6"]	A Dissertation

Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

[or appropriate

Doctor of Philosophy	degree pursued]

[8"]	by

Mary Jane White

June 1993

[9.5"]	Volume 1	[Use only when paper

has more than one volume.]

[Exhibit D: Title page—Master's theses]

[2.5"]	Andrews University

College of Arts and Sciences	[appropriate school]

[4.5"]	DEVELOPMENTAL GENE CONTROL IN ASPERGILLUS

[6"]	A Thesis

Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Science

[8.5"]	by

Milton Tsung Chiu

1992

[Exhibit E: Title page—undergraduate Honors projects]

[2.5"]	Andrews University

College of Arts and Sciences	[appropriate school]

[4.5"]	THE FACES OF ALIENATION IN SELECTED WORKS

OF V. S. NAIPAUL	[If title requires more than two

48-space lines, arrange in three

or more single-space lines, in

inverted pyramid.]

[6"]	An Honors Project

Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for HONS497 Senior Honors

Research in English

[8.5"]	by

Joy V. Roberts

June 1994

[Exhibit F: Approval page—Education: Ph.D. and Ed.D.]

[2"]	STUDY OF THE CRITERIA AND SELECTIVE PROCESSES

FOR ADMISSION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS

TO SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST COLLEGES

AND UNIVERSITIES

[3.5"]	A dissertation

presented in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree

Doctor of Philosophy

[Doctor of Education]

[5"]	by

Mary Jane White

APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:	[6.5"]

_____________________________	____________________________

Chair: Robert Williamson	Dean, School of Education

[Name of Dean]

Member: Alice J. Young

Member: Edward L. Smith

Member: Howard E. Brownburger

External: Robert J. Ostermann	Date approved

[Exhibit G: Approval page—D.Min.]

[2"]	AN EVALUATION OF FOUR TYPES OF EVANGELISTIC

ENDEAVORS USED BY THE MICHIGAN CONFERENCE

OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS FROM

JANUARY 1975 TO DECEMBER 1985

[3.5"]	A dissertation

presented in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree

Doctor of Ministry

[5"]	by

Edward C. Johnston

APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:

[6.5"]

Adviser,	Director of D.Min. Program

Branson J. Coldwater	Skip Bell

Edward R. Thompkins	Dean, SDA Theological Seminary

John K. McVay

Harriet G. Westmore	Date approved

[Exhibit H: Approval page—Seminary: Ph.D. and Th.D.]

[2"]	THE CONCEPT OF EXAMPLE IN THE THEOLOGY

OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

[3.5"]	A dissertation

presented in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree

Doctor of Philosophy

[5"]	by

Hans R. Reinhardt

APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:	[6"]

Faculty Adviser,	Director of Ph.D./Th.D. Program

Jonathan R. Smith	[Name of director]

Professor of New Testament

Julia K. Kueffner	Dean, SDA Theological Seminary

Associate Professor of	John K. McVay

Biblical Languages

Edward E. L. Schinkle

Assistant Professor of Theology

J. William Johnson

Professor of Systematic Theology

Arnold C. Matterby	Date approved

Associate Professor of Theology

Union Theological Seminary

[Exhibit I: Approval page, Master's theses]

[2"]	[A two- or three-or-more line title would start at 2"; a one-line title begins on 2.3".]

DEVELOPMENTAL GENE CONTROL IN ASPERGILLUS

[3.5"]	A thesis

presented in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree

Master of Arts

[5"]	by

Milton Tsung Chiu

APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE:	[7"]

Martin K. White, Ph.D., Chair

[or Adviser, in Seminary]

Siegfried V. Kuntson, Ph.D.

Lucinda Ann deSilva, Ph.D.	Date approved

[Exhibit J: Form for all Tables of Contents]

[If arabic numbers are used to designate chapters, use arabic numbers in Table of Contents.]

[2"]	TABLE OF CONTENTS

[triple space—skip 2 single lines]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS	vi

LIST OF TABLES	vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS	viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	ix

[Each successive level of subheads is indented 3 spaces (type on the 4th); treat runover lines of subheads as the next level. Runover chapter titles line up under the first letter.]

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION	1

Scope and Purpose	1

Definitions	2

Methods Problems	5

II. COMMUNITY VERSUS INDIVIDUAL: FACTORS AND APOLOGISTS

OF SOCIAL UNITY	8

Cultural Creeds and Greek Thinkers	8

The Cultural Unity of the Ancient Greeks	8

Plato's Personal Moralism	10

Development of Moral Personality	10

Virtue as Foundation of Law and Government	12

Aristotle's Social Moralism	15

Religion and the Hebrews	25

Moses' Religious Legalism: Its Origin and Later

Development	25

Beginnings of Moralism: Prophets versus Priests	27

Christian Moralism versus Jewish Legalism	30

From Revolt to Reform	32

Moralism on Earth	34

Appendix

A.	LETTERS	199

B.	QUESTIONNAIRES	212

BIBLIOGRAPHY	203

[or Selected Bibliography or Reference List]

VITA	233

[where required]

Note 1: The periods following chapter numbers must line up. This means I for Chapter I must be indented far enough so the longest number (usually III in most papers) starts flush left.

Note 2: Leader dot rules:

a.	Leader dots are spaced every other space.

b.	They line up with dots above and below.

c.	Every entry must have at least one leader dot.

d.	A space of ¼-inch occurs between last dot and first digit of longest number.

e.	Numbers line up flush right.

Note 3: Dissertations measuring more than two inches in depth require two or more bound volumes. The Table of Contents indicates where the volumes break (between chapters). The entire Table of Contents appears in Volume I and pagination is continuous.

[Exhibit K: Lists shown in Turabian format; APA capitalizes all words of four or more letters. Read each line below for further instructions.]

[2"]	LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

[triple space—skip 2 lines]

1.	Captions Here Should Agree with Those under Illustrations	27

2.	When Captions Are Long Enough to Use Two or More Lines,

the Second Line Is Indented	36

3.	Exceptionally Long Captions May Be Shortened	51

4.	Captions Here in the List Are Written in Headline Style	66

5.	Captions under Illustrations Are Written in Sentence Style	75

6.	Explanatory Statements under Illustrations Are Not

Included in the List of Illustrations	80

LIST OF TABLES

[triple space—skip 2 lines]

1.	Use Exact Titles as They Appear above Tables	6

2.	Titles Are Written Here in Headline Style	29

3.	All the Titles above the Tables Are Written in the

Particular Style Chosen	39

4.	Number All the Tables with Arabic Numbers	73

5.	Tables That Are Approximately Half Page or More in Length

Must Appear on a Separate Page	105

[Exhibit L: Publishing information does not appear in this list.]

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

[triple space—skip 2 lines]

AB	Anchor Bible

AH	Advent Herald

AJSL	American Journal of Semitic Language and Literature

ANRW	Aufstief und Niedergang der Romischen Welt

AOT	H. H. Rowley, The Aramaic of the Old Testament

AUSS	Andrews University Seminary Studies

CNT	Commentaire du Nouveau Testament

ICC	International Critical Commentary

IDB	Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible

JSOT	Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

LCL	Loeb Classical Library

NICNT	New International Commentary (New Testament)

RH	Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, Advent Review, Second Advent Review, Adventist Herald, Adventist Review

SOr	Studia Orentalia

TDNT	Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Kittel and Friedrich, eds.

UBS	United Bible Societies

WA	Luther's Works, Weimar Ausgabe

ZWT	Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Theologie

[Exhibit M: If the written material is short, center it on the page; if longer, leave 2-inch margin at top of page. Read this Preface for further suggestions.]

PREFACE

In the preface the writer prepares the reader to approach the paper with understanding. The reasons for making the study may be given. The background, scope, and purpose of the study may also be included. If, however, the writer believes that all this will be covered in the study itself, there is no point in saying more about it in a preface. Sometimes a preface ends with a paragraph or two of acknowledgments.

If the writer wishes to acknowledge assistance received from individuals, institutions, foundations, etc., he or she can appropriate-ly do so in the acknowledgments. If that is all that is included, this section is simply titled "Acknowledgments." Neither a preface nor an acknowledgment is mandatory.

[Exhibit N: Sample page showing spacing, margins, and use of subheadings]

CHAPTER 2

PAUL'S METHOD OF PREACHING TO

INTELLECTUAL PEOPLE

Introduction

The Book of Acts

The Apostle Paul had all the characteristics needed by a person who wanted to preach the biblical message to the "intel-
lectual people" of his time.

Paul, as a Jewish scribe, knew perfectly well the bib-lical message and, as a Jew of the Diaspora, also knew the Greek language and culture of the intellectuals of his time.

Paul's family must have been a member of the upper middle class in Tarsus. . . . Jews enjoyed a favorable legal status during most times, and many took advantage of this and became citizens of their cities.1

The Role of the Holy Spirit

The role of the church and the pastor in the process of training members is important. But if there is no tran-
scending power accompanying this human effort, little will be accomplished. The vertical dimension in training lay leaders is very important. Only One can convict sinners of sin and give the spiritual power necessary to accomplish

APPENDIX

FOOTNOTE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY INFORMATION AND SAMPLES

(Primarily for papers written for the Seminary or Religious Education)

The first footnote reference for a book should include the following information in the order given:

Name of author(s)—or editor(s) when no author is given

Title and, if any, subtitle

Name of editor, compiler, or translator, if any, in addition to author

Name of author of preface, introduction, or foreword only when of special interest to study

Number or name of edition, if other than the first

Name of series in which book appears, if any, with volume or number in series

Facts of publication: Place, publishing agency, date

Page number(s) of specific citation

In the footnote samples shown below, titles of commentaries, encyclopedias, dictionaries, journals, and magazines are shown written out, shortened, or abbreviated. All forms are permissible, but whichever form is chosen should be used consistently and with the approval of adviser and committee. Footnote indentations should be the same as paragraph indentations used in text. Bibliography entries start flush left. Runover lines line up under the sixth space or according to default indent.

Note: When states are included in place of publication, full state names, standard abbreviations, or zip code abbreviations (the form used in samples below) are all accepted. Whichever form is chosen must be used consistently. Country names, when needed, are always written out.

Footnote

Book—one author (see Turabian 11.3 N & B)

1A. M. Allchin, The Kingdom of Love & Knowledge (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1979), 46.

Bibliography

Allchin, A. M. The Kingdom of Love & Knowledge. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1979.

Book—more than one author (see Turabian 11.4, 5, 6, N & B)

2Mary Lyon, Bryce Lyon, and Henry S. Lucas, The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 27 May 1340, with the collaboration of Jean de Sturler (Brussels: Commission Royale d'Histoire de Belgique, 1983), 42.

Lyon, Mary, Bryce Lyon, and Henry S. Lucas. The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 27 May 1340. With the collaboration of Jean de Sturler. Brussels: Commission Royale d'Histoire de Belgique, 1983.

Book—more than one volume published in more than one year

3Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951-63), 1:9.

Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951-63.

Note: If date is of special concern, include the date of the specific volume cited; i.e., 1 (1951): 9 instead of 1:9.

Book—in a series (see Turabian 11.16 N & B)

4Verner W. Clapp, The Future of the Research Library, Phineas W. Windsor Series in Librarianship, no. 8 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 92.

Clapp, Verner W. The Future of the
Research Library. Phineas W.
Windsor Series in Librarianship,	no. 8. Urbana: University of	Illinois Press, 1964.
Book—with component part by one author in a book edited by another

5D. A. Shipley, "The Euro-
pean Heritage," in The History of American Methodism, 3 vols., ed. E. S. Bucke (New York: Abingdon Press, 1964), 1:12.

Shipley, D. A. "The European Heri-
tage." In The History of American	Methodism, ed. E. S. Bucke, 1:9-	42. New York: Abingdon Press, 1964.

Book—with secondary source of quotation

6Clark H. Pinnock, A De-
fense of Biblical Infallibility (Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1967), quoted in Avery Dulles, Models of Revelation (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1983), 45.

Pinnock, Clark H. A Defense of
Biblical Infallibility. Philadel-phia, PA: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1967. Quoted in Avery Dulles, Models of Revelation. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1983.

Commentaries—authored volumes (Commentary title written out in footnote)

7E. D. Burton, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, Inter-
national Critical Commentary (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1921), 65.

Burton, E. D. A Critical and Exeget-
ical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1921.
Note: The use of abbreviations in footnotes for well-known and/or frequently used commentaries, dictionaries, encyclopedias, journals, and magazines (even in the first footnote) is usually permitted, but only when a list of abbreviations is included in the paper. A list of abbreviations should not include references that are used only once. Such a practice would make the list long and defeat its purpose. Be sure to check with your adviser and committee as to their preference. Full titles for all works are always written out in the bibliography.

Commentaries—authored volumes (Commentary title abbreviated in footnote)

8Edwin R. Campbell, Jr., Ruth, AB, vol. 7 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1975), 27.

Campbell, Edwin R., Jr. Ruth. Anchor Bible, vol. 7. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1975.

Commentaries—with signed articles (Commentary title written out in footnote)

9G. E. Wright, "Exegesis of the Book of Deuteronomy," Inter-preter's Bible (New York: Abingdon Press, 1954), 2:332.

Wright, G. E. "Exegesis of the Book of Deuteronomy." Interpreter's Bible. New York: Abingdon Press, 1954. 2:331-540.

Commentaries—with unsigned articles (Commentary title shortened in footnote)

Note: Articles that have a specific title are referenced with that title (note first example 10); articles that comment on a Bible text only are referenced by the Bible book title (note second example 10).

10"Interpretation of Daniel," SDA Bible Commentary, ed. F. D. Nichol (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57), 4:54.

10"Isaiah," SDA Bible Commentary, ed. F. D. Nichol (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57), 4:287.

"Interpretation of Daniel." Seventh-
day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by F. D. Nichol. Washing-ton, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57. 4:53-56.

"Isaiah." Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by F. D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57. 4:287.
Dictionaries—with signed articles (Dictionary title abbreviated in footnote)

11J. H. Marks, "Flood (Genesis)," IDB (1962), 2:279.

Marks, J. H. "Flood (Genesis)."
Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick et al. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962. 2:278-284.
Dictionaries—with unsigned articles (Dictionary title shortened in footnote)

12SDA Bible Dictionary (1960), s.v. "Angel."

Seventh-day Adventist Bible Diction-
ary. Edited by Siegfried H. Horn. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1960. S.v. "Angel."
Encyclopedias—with signed articles (Encyclopedia title written out in footnote)

13C. A. Beckwith, "Virgin Birth," The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Know-
ledge, 4th Photolithoprinted ed. (1960), 12:201-214.

Beckwith, C. A. "Virgin Birth." The
New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 4th Photo-lithoprinted ed., 1960. 12:201-214.

Encyclopedias—with unsigned articles (Encyclopedia title shortened in footnote)

14SDA Encyclopedia, 1975 ed., s.v. "Kingsway College."

Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia. 1975 ed. S.v. "Kingsway College."

Multi-volume works—with several titles by one author

15Philip Carrington, The Early Christian Church, vol. 2, The Second Christian Century (Cambridge: University Press, 1957), 109-111.

Carrington, Philip. The Early Chris-
tian Church. Vol. 2, The Second Christian Century. Cambridge: University Press, 1957.

Ancient and medieval works

16Irenaeus Against Heresies 2.2.3 (ANF, 1:361).

17Josephus Jewish War 2.14.5 (trans. Thackeray, LCL, 2:435).

Irenaeus Against Heresies. The Ante-
Nicene Fathers. 1:315-567.

Josephus Jewish War. Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray. Loeb Classical Library.
Journals (Journal title abbreviated in footnote)

18Arthur J. Ferch, "The Two Aeons and the Messiah in Pseudo-Philo, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch," AUSS 15 (1977): 135.

Ferch, Arthur J. "The Two Aeons and the Messiah in Pseudo-Philo, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch." Andrews University Seminary Studies 15 (1977): 135-151.
Magazines

19Lawrence T. Geraty, "The Excavations at Biblical Heshbon, 1974," Ministry, February 1975, 20.

Geraty, Lawrence T. "The Excavations at Biblical Heshbon, 1974." Ministry, February 1975, 20-23.

Article—reprinted

20E. G. White, "Christ Man's Example," Review and Herald, July 5, 1887, 417; reprint, Review and Herald, 4 September 1911, 561.

White, E. G. "Christ Man's Example."	Review and Herald, July 5, 1887, 417-418; reprint, Review and Herald, 4 September 1911, 561-562.
Article—no title, author supplied

21[A. T. Jones], editorial, Review and Herald, 5 September 1899, 572.

[Jones, A. T.] Editorial. Review and Herald, 5 September 1899, 572.
Denominational minutes

22General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Washing-
ton, DC), Minutes of Meetings of the General Conference Committee, 8-15 January 1970, meeting of 8 January 1970.

General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Washington, DC). Minutes of Meetings of the Gen-
eral Conference Committee, 8-15 January 1970.

Unpublished material in a collection

23Howard B. Weeks, notes on J. L. Shuler, 1966, Howard B. Weeks Collection, Adventist Heri-tage Center, James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.

Weeks, Howard B. Notes on J. L. Schuler, 1966. Howard B. Weeks Collection. Adventist Heritage Center, James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.

SDA Yearbook—1905-1966

24Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination (Wash-ington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1905), 112.

Year Book of the Seventh-day Adven-
tist Denomination. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1905, 1906, 1908.

SDA Yearbook—1883-1904; 1967-1998

25Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1975), 178.

Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook. Wash-ington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1975.
Dissertations or theses

26Arthur J. Ferch, "The Apocalyptic 'Son of Man' in Daniel 7" (Th.D. dissertation, Andrews University, 1979), 155.

Ferch, Arthur J. "The Apocalyptic 'Son of Man' in Daniel 7." Th.D. dissertation, Andrews University, 1979.

E. G. White research materials—(a) unpublished letter, (b) manuscript with no title

27Ellen G. White to Dr. Patience Bourdeau, 8 June 1905, Letter 177, 1905, Ellen G. White Research Center, Andrews Univer-
sity, Berrien Springs, MI.

28Ellen G. White, MS 154, 1902, Ellen G. White Research Center, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.

White, Ellen G., to Dr. Patience Bourdeau, 8 June 1905. Letter 177, 1905. Ellen G. White Re-
search Center. Andrews Univer-
sity, Berrien Springs, MI.

White, Ellen G. MS 154, 1902. Ellen G. White Research Center. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.

INDEX

Abbreviations 27-29

Apocryphal references 29

Biblical references 28

For sources 26, 52

List of 8, 11, 48, 52

Permitted (APA) 33

Permitted (Turabian) 28

Standard books and periodicals 28

Theological sources 28

Abstract 9-10

Abstract sample—Exhibit B, 36

Content 9

For dissertations 6, 7, 9, 10

For theses 5, 7, 9, 10

Title page 7

Title page sample—Exhibit A, 35

Acknowledgments 8, 11

Preface and/or acknowledgments—Exhibit M, 49

Adviser 4

APA 2, 10, 13, 15, 16, 30-33

APA in-text references

Abbreviations 33

Authors with same surname 31

Citing one author 30

Citing more than two authors 30

Citing two authors 30

Corporate author 31

Ibid. 32

Multi-volume works 31

No author given 31

Personal communication 31

Reference list 33

Secondary source 32

Second use of source 32

Several studies by one author in one year 31

Several works at the same point 31

Table 13

Translated, republished works 32

Apocryphal references 29

Appendix 51

Appendixes 8, 9, 15, 16

Approval page 6, 10

Master's thesis—Exhibit I, 44

Education—Ph.D. or Ed.D.—Exhibit F, 41

Seminary D.Min. dissertation—Exhibit G, 42

Seminary, Ph.D., and Th.D.—Exhibit H, 43

Arrangement of Contents 7-9

Bible references 26

Bible versions 26

Biblical book abbreviations 38

Bibliographical entries 27

Bibliography 9, 278

Bibliography sample entries

Ancient and medieval works 54

Article, no title 54

Article, reprinted 54

Book, component part by one author, edited by another 52

Book, in a series 52

Book, more than one author 51

Book, more than one volume in more than one year 52

Book, one author 51

Book, secondary source 52

Commentaries, authored 52

Commentaries, signed articles 53

Commentaries, unsigned articles 53

Denominational minutes 54

Dictionaries, signed articles 53

Dictionaries, unsigned articles 53

Dissertations and theses 55

Encyclopedias, signed articles 53

Encyclopedias, unsigned articles 53

Journal articles 54

Magazine articles 54

Multi-volume works 54

SDA Yearbook, new 55

SDA Yearbook, old 55

Unpublished material in collection 55

White, E. G., research materials 55

Binding 4, 5

Biology papers 2, 12, 15

Blank pages 7, 9

Block quotes 17, 32 (APA)

Body of paper 8, 11

Captions 12

Chapters and parts 11

Conclusions in paper 8, 10, 14

Content and quality 4, 5

Contents of the Written Work 7

Copies 4, 5, 6

Copyright notice 7

Cost of copyright 7

Cover sheet(s) 8

Deadlines: dissertations 6; projects 5; theses 5

Dedication 7, 11

Demeaning women 23

Direct quotes 32 (APA); 27 (Turabian)

Dissertations 6

Dividing words 19

Double space 18

Duplication 1

Editorial "we" 20

Ellipsis points 19

Examples

Bibliography entries (Seminary) 51-55

Footnotes (Seminary) 51-55

Footnotes (Turabian) 25

Gender-inclusive language 22-24

In-text references (APA) 30-32

Preliminary pages 34-50

Quotations (APA) 32

Subheadings 13

Tables 11-13

Verb tense 20-21

Figures, list of 8, 10, 11

Final copies 1, 5

Fonts 1

Footnotes (Turabian) 25-27

First article reference 25

First book reference 25

General rules 25

Information and samples 25-27

Specific rules 25

Abbreviations 26

Author's name (Seminary) 25

Page numbers in 25

Subsequent references 25

Footnotes, sample entries (Seminary) 51-55

Ancient and medieval works 54

Article, reprinted 54

Book, component part by one author, edited by another 52

Book, in a series 52

Book, more than one author 51

Book, more than one volume in more than one year 52

Book, one author 51

Book, secondary source 52

Commentaries, authored volumes 52

Commentaries, signed articles 53

Commentaries, unsigned articles 53

Denominational minutes 54

Dictionaries, signed articles 53

Dictionaries, unsigned articles 53

Dissertations or theses 55

Encyclopedias, signed articles 53

Encyclopedias, unsigned articles 53

Journal articles 54

Magazine articles 54

Multi-volume works 54

Reprinted articles 54

SDA Yearbook, new 55

SDA Yearbook, old 55

Unpublished material 55

White, E. G., research material 55

Foreign language in text 20

Format, definition 1

Four spaces 17

Gender-inclusive language 22-24

Gender-role stereotyping 23

Glossary 9, 15

Half-title page 8, 9

Headline style (APA) 13

Headline style (Turabian) 12

Historical perspective 20

Hyphens 19

Illustrations, list of 8, 12

Indirect quotes (APA) 32

In-text references 30

Introduction to the text 8

Levels of subheadings 13-14

List of abbreviations 8, 11, 28

List of abbreviations sample—Exhibit L, 48

List of illustrations 8, 10, 11

List of illustrations sample—Exhibit K, 47

List of tables 8, 10, 11

List of tables sample—Exhibit K, 47

Main body of text 11

Margins 17, 50 (Exhibit N)

Number of copies: dissertation 6; project 4; thesis 5

Omission of women 22

Page numbers 17

Page numbers in footnotes 25

Paper 1

Personal communication (APA) 31

Personal copies 6

Preface 8, 11

Preface and/or acknowledgments sample—Exhibit M 49

Preliminary pages 7, 10-11

Project adviser 4

Project deadlines 5

Projects 4

Quality and content: of projects 4; of theses 5

Quotations (APA) 33

Recommendations of paper 8, 14

Recommended style guides 2

Reference list 9, 15, 33

Reference pages 15, 16

Referencing quotations (APA) 32

Republished works (APA) 32

Research projects 4

Rules

For bibliographical entries 27

For footnotes 25-27

For leader dots 46

For lists of tables and illustrations 47

For margins 17

For page numbers 17

For reference lists 33

For specific spacing

Four spaces (skip three lines) 17

Triple space (skip two lines) 17-18

Double space (skip one line) 18

Single space 18

For subheads 13, 14

For table of contents 45

For tables and illustrations 11-13

For word division 19

Sample style sheets 34-50

Secondary source (APA) 32

Selected bibliography 16

Single space 19

Size of type 1

Spacing (general rules) 17

After punctuation 18-19

Example—Exhibit N 50

No spaces appear 18

Of tables and illustrations 18

Of titles and subheads 14, 18

Specific rules 17

Student-prepared questionnaires 15

Style, definition 1

Subsequent (second use) citations (APA) 31

Subsequent references (Turabian) 25

Subheadings 13-14, 50 (Exhibit N)

Summary of paper 8, 14

Table of contents 7, 10, 45 (Exhibit J)

Tables

And illustrations 11, 12

APA style 13

List of 10, 11

Turabian's run-in style 12

Turabian's traditional style 12

Term papers 4

Text of paper 8, 11

Thesis 5

Thesis committee 5

Third person 20

Title page 7, 10

Abstract title page—Exhibit A, 35

Doctoral—Exhibit C, 38

Honors projects—Exhibit E, 40

Masters—Exhibit D, 39

Triple space 17, 18

Turabian 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25-29, 30, 33,
47, 51

Typefaces 1

Type size 1

Verb tenses 20, 21

Vita 9, 16

Word division 19