Using Turabian Style

Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers, 6th edition, is used for Seminary papers and most historical studies in the School of Education. This manual contains complete rules and

many helpful examples for preparing footnote entries, bibliographic entries, and

tables and figures. Noted below are just a few things to keep in

mind as you prepare your document.

Footnotes/Bibliography

1. Footnote numbers begin with "1" on each page. (Smaller projects and term papers may use endnotes instead of footnotes.)

2. Every source that appears in the footnotes should be included in the bibliography. Additional material not cited may also be included in the bibliography.

3. Place footnotes below the text, not the bottom of the page. To do this, use footnote options, advanced, and position for WordPerfect™, and footnote options, "place at," for Microsoft Word™.

4. Turabian together with AU's Standards for Written Work (pp. 26-28, and 52-56) provides comprehensive guidance for footnotes. Additional manuals, such as Nancy Vyhmeister's Quality Research Papers, are also very helpful. Sample footnotes for books, journals, magazines, and much more, appear at the bottom of this document. Some of the most common problems occur with footnoting entries for dictionaries, encyclopedias, and commentaries, and Internet material.

a. Dictionary and encyclopedia articles that are signed are treated different from ones that are unsigned.

b. Commentaries fall into at least four categories: (i) signed articles within a one-volume or multi-volume set, (ii) separately titled and numbered volumes, (iii) separately titled volumes but with no volume numbers indicated, and (iv) single-author commentaries. Each type is presented in a different way. See samples below.

c. Internet material: Refer to electronic sources only when items are not published elsewhere. Make sure the Internet address is correct! Place the date you retrieved the item in parentheses at the end of the footnote entry. Retain copies of downloaded material until after defense.

Tables and Figures

1. Consider the limitations of the margins and "eye appeal" when typing tables. Use single spacing, double spacing, or space and a half to produce the best-appearing, most-readable, and practical table. In some cases, the size of the font may be reduced to show the table to best advantage. (See pp. 12-14 in Standards for Written Work for more tips on preparing tables.)

2. Every table must be numbered and named. Tables are numbered consecutively throughout the dissertation, even into the appendix material. Designations such as 2a, 3-4, etc., are not used.

3. Each table and figure must be introduced before it can appear. Once it has been introduced it must appear on that page or the next page.

4. A table may be continued to a second page only if it filled the first page completely. If the table needs to be continued, type this at the very top of the continued part: Table X—Continued.

5. A solid line at the bottom of the table signifies that it is complete.

6. Sometimes it is easier and more prudent to just "type" the table than to use the software's table functions.

7. Two styles for presenting the table number and name are acceptable: (a) The title number and name are placed in capital letters and centered over the table—called traditional style, or (b) the title number and name are placed at the left margin, on one line, and capitalized in either headline style or sentence style—called run-in style. See sample tables below.

8. A source note follows a table that is not the writer's own, introduced by the word Source (in italics), followed by a colon. Give the source in complete bibliographic form, even if the source has been cited earlier in a footnote.

TABLE 1

SMOKING AMONG AMERICAN ADULTS, BY AGE

[Traditional style]

__________________________________________________________________________

Age	N	Smoke	Don't Smoke

(%)	(%)

__________________________________________________________________________

18-32	1,722	30.6	69.4

33-47	2,012	37.1	62.9

48-62	1,928	35.2	64.8

63+	1,646	30.5	69.5

Total	7,308

__________________________________________________________________________

Source: Adapted from Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term

Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th ed. (Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 1996), 89, table 3.

Table 2. Population by State [Run-in style with headline capitalization]

___________________________________________________

County	Males	Females

___________________________________________________

Berrien	22,515	33,189

Grayling	9,624	10,122

Saginaw	42,167	43,090

____________________________________________

Miscellaneous

1. Use Seminary abbreviations for Scripture references that contain a

chapter, or chapter and verse. No periods are used with the abbreviations. See AU'sStandards for Written Work for a complete list of the abbreviations.

In Dan 12:2, however, one finds that the fate . . .

Rev 7 shows that we can . . .

2. Use words for numbers for one hundred and below, unless the particular section or paragraph contains statistical material. With percentages, use a numeral and the word "percent."

About seventy-five years ago, at the beginning of the

twentieth century, only 22 percent of the . . .

3. Enumerations: Use enumerations for material that will be clearer to the reader if presented in a list. Do not use bullets. For a short list that is contained within one sentence, use (1), (2), and (3) before the numbered elements. For a longer list that contains complete sentences or lengthy material, use numbered paragraphs—such as I have used in this document.

The individual gave two reasons for the accident: (1) his

brakes failed, and (2) the roads were slippery.

4. Subheads: See "Andrews University's Formatting Rules" at this web site.

See sample footnote and bibliographic entries below.

Samples for footnotes and bibliography are taken from Andrews

University's Standards for Written Work, pp. 52-56. For

each kind of entry, a footnote entry appears

first, followed by a bibliographic entry.

1. Book (see Turabian 11.3 N & B)

1A. M. Allchin, The Kingdom of Love & Knowledge (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1979), 46.

Allchin, A. M. The Kingdom of Love & Knowledge. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1979.

2. Book—more than one author (see Turabian 11.4, 5, 6, N & B)

2Mary Lyon, Bryce Lyon, and Henry S. Lucas, The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 27 May 1340, with the collaboration of Jean de Sturler (Brussels: Commission Royale d'Histoire de Begique, 1983), 42.

Lyon, Mary, Bryce Lyon, and Henry S. Lucas. The Wardrobe Book of William de Norwell, 12 July 1338 to 27 May 1340. With the collaboration of Jean de Sturler. Brussels: Commission Royale d'Histoire de Begique, 1983.

3. Book—more than one volume published in more than one year

3Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951-63), 1:9.

Tillich, Paul. Systematic Theology. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951-63.

Note: If date is of special concern, include the date of the specific volume cited; i.e., 1 (1951): 9 instead of 1:9.

4. Book—in a series (see Turabian 11.16 N & B)

4Verner W. Clapp, The Future of the Research Library, Phineas W. Windsor Series in Librarianship, no. 8 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 92.

Clapp, Verner W. The Future of the Research Library. Phineas W. Windsor Series in Librarianship, no. 8. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964.

5. Book—with component part by one author in a book edited by another

5D. A. Shipley, "The European Heritage," in The History of American Methodism, 3 vols., ed. E. S. Bucke (New York: Abingdon Press, 1964), 1:12.

Shipley, D. A. "The European Heritage." In The History of American Methodism, ed. E. S. Bucke, 1:9-42. New York: Abingdon Press, 1964.

6. Book—with secondary source of quotation

6Clark H. Pinnock, A Defense of Biblical Infallibility (Philadelphia, PA: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1967), quoted in Avery Dulles, Models of Revelation (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1983), 45.

Pinnock, Clark H. A Defense of Biblical Infallibility. Philadel-
phia, PA: Presbyterian & Reformed, 1967. Quoted in Avery Dulles, Models of Revelation. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1983.

7. Commentaries—authored volumes (Commentary title written out in footnote)

7E. D. Burton, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians, International Critical Commentary (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1921), 65.

Burton, E. D. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1921.

Note: The use of abbreviations in footnotes for well-known and/or frequently used commentaries, dictionaries, encyclopedias, journals, and magazines (even in the first footnote) is usually permitted, but only when a list of abbreviations is included in the paper. A list of abbreviations should not include references that are used only once. Such a practice would make the list long and defeat its purpose. Be sure to check with your adviser and committee as to their preference. Full titles for all works are always written out in the bibliography.

8. Commentaries—authored volumes

8Edwin R. Campbell, Jr., Ruth, Anchor Bible (AB), vol. 7 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1975), 27.

Campbell, Edwin R., Jr. Ruth. Anchor Bible, vol. 7. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1975.

9. Commentaries—with signed articles

9G. E. Wright, "Exegesis of the Book of Deuteronomy," Inter-
preter's Bible, ed. George Arthur Buttrick (New York: Abingdon Press, 1954), 2:332.

Wright, G. E. "Exegesis of the Book of Deuteronomy." Interpreter's Bible. Edited by George Arthur Buttrick. New York: Abingdon Press, 1954. 2:331-540.

10. Commentaries—with unsigned articles (Commentary title shortened in footnote)

Note: Articles that have a specific title are referenced with that title (note first example 10); articles that comment on a Bible text only are referenced by the Bible book title (note second example 10).

10"Interpretation of Daniel," SDA Bible Commentary, ed. F. D. Nichol (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-
57), 4:54.

11"Isaiah," SDA Bible Commentary, ed. F. D. Nichol (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57), 4:287.

"Interpretation of Daniel." Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by F. D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-57. 4:53-56.

"Isaiah." Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary. Edited by F. D. Nichol. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1953-
57. 4:287.

11. Commentaries (Single Author)

12Matthew Henry, Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible, vol. 5, Matthew to John (New York: Fleming H. Revell, [1935]), 73.

Henry, Matthew. Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible. Vol. 5, Matthew to John. New York: Fleming H. Revell, [1935].

12. Dictionaries—with signed articles (Dictionary title abbreviated in footnote)

13J. H. Marks, "Flood (Genesis)," IDB (1962), 2:279.

Marks, J. H. "Flood (Genesis)." Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick et al. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962. 2:278-284.

13. Dictionaries—with unsigned articles (Dictionary title shortened in footnote)

14SDA Bible Dictionary (1960), s.v. "Angel."

Seventh-day Adventist Bible Dictionary. Edited by Siegfried H. Horn. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1960. S.v. "Angel."

14. Encyclopedias—with signed articles (Encyclopedia title written out in footnote)

15C. A. Beckwith, "Virgin Birth," The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 4th Photolithoprinted ed. (1960), 12:201-214.

Beckwith, C. A. "Virgin Birth." The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 4th Photolithoprinted ed., 1960. 12:201-214.

15. Encyclopedias—with unsigned articles (Encyclopedia title shortened in footnote)

16SDA Encyclopedia, 1975 ed., s.v. "Kingsway College."

Seventh-day Adventist Encyclopedia. 1975 ed. S.v. "Kingsway College."

16. Multi-volume works—with several titles by one author

17Philip Carrington, The Early Christian Church, vol. 2, The Second Christian Century (Cambridge: University Press, 1957), 109-111.

Carrington, Philip. The Early Christian Church. Vol. 2, The Second Christian Century. Cambridge: University Press, 1957.

17. Ancient and medieval works

18Irenaeus Against Heresies 2.2.3 (ANF, 1:361).

19Josephus Jewish War 2.14.5 (trans. Thackeray, LCL, 2:435).

Irenaeus Against Heresies. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. 1:315-567.

Josephus Jewish War. Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray. Loeb Classical Library.

18. Journals

20Arthur J. Ferch, "The Two Aeons and the Messiah in Pseudo-
Philo, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch," Andrews University Seminary Studies 15 (1977): 135.

Ferch, Arthur J. "The Two Aeons and the Messiah in Pseudo-Philo, 4 Ezra, and 2 Baruch." Andrews University Seminary Studies 15 (1977): 135-151.

19. Magazines

21Lawrence T. Geraty, "The Excavations at Biblical Heshbon, 1974," Ministry, February 1975, 20.

Geraty, Lawrence T. "The Excavations at Biblical Heshbon, 1974." Ministry, February 1975, 20-23.

20. Article—no title, author supplied

22[A. T. Jones], editorial, Review and Herald, 5 September 1899, 572.

[Jones, A. T.] Editorial. Review and Herald, 5 September 1899, 572.

21. Denominational minutes

23General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Washington, DC), Minutes of Meetings of the General Conference Committee, 8-
15 January 1970, meeting of 8 January 1970.

General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Washington, DC). Minutes of Meetings of the General Conference Committee, 8-
15 January 1970.

22. Unpublished material in a collection

24Howard B. Weeks, notes on J. L. Shuler, 1966, Howard B. Weeks Collection, Adventist Heritage Center, James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.

Weeks, Howard B. Notes on J. L. Schuler, 1966. Howard B. Weeks Collection. Adventist Heritage Center, James White Library, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.

23. SDA Yearbook—1905-1966

25Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination (Wash-
ington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1905), 112.

Year Book of the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1905, 1906, 1908.

24. SDA Yearbook—1883-1904; 1967-1998

26Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook (Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1975), 178.

Seventh-day Adventist Yearbook. Washington, DC: Review and Herald Pub. Assn., 1975.

25. Dissertations or theses

27Arthur J. Ferch, "The Apocalyptic 'Son of Man' in Daniel 7" (Th.D. dissertation, Andrews University, 1979), 155.

Ferch, Arthur J. "The Apocalyptic 'Son of Man' in Daniel 7." Th.D. dissertation, Andrews University, 1979.

26. E. G. White research materials—(a) unpublished letter, (b) manuscript with no title

28Ellen G. White to Dr. Patience Bourdeau, 8 June 1905, Letter 177, 1905, Ellen G. White Research Center, Andrews Univer-
sity, Berrien Springs, MI.

29Ellen G. White, MS 154, 1902, Ellen G. White Research Center, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.

White, Ellen G., to Dr. Patience Bourdeau, 8 June 1905. Letter 177, 1905. Ellen G. White Re-search Center. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.

White, Ellen G. MS 154, 1902. Ellen G. White Research Center. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI.