INTRODUCTION

What is Leadership? Many people have tried to identify and define the illusive qualities which constitute Leadership. Here is a website about The Nature of Leadership

• There are some very consistent generalizations which can drawn from a variety of research studies on leadership. It is understood that there are NO universal traits of leaders. However, there are some leadership behaviors which do contribute to effectiveness in most situations.
• For example: effective, as compared with ineffective leaders, let employees know what is expected of them. Effective leaders inform employees of changes, explain reasons for decisions & get employee reactions before going ahead with a new plan.
• As well, the functions required for effective leadership may differ depending on the leader's level in the organization.
  • Example: Supervisors tend to be more responsible for production, on-the-job training, control of materials & supplies, and maintenance activities. Middle level managers tend to be more involved with cost control, setting standards & coordinating.

A New Concept of Power

Process Theories

• Expectancy Theory
• Equity Theory and Goal-Setting Theory

Leader Traits

• Traits of Leaders Compared with Nonleaders
• Traits of Effective Leaders
• Assessment Centers: Using Traits and Skills to Select Leaders
• The Assessment Center Process Expectancy Theory