Research by O’Brien (1987) looked at 60 survivors over 3 year period:

1) Hard time breaking away & establishing positive peer relationships

2) Difficulty developing sense of self - feel like “damaged goods.”

3) Have trouble trusting themselves and their feelings.

4) Trouble engaging in warm intimate relationships.

They may confuse the need for affection with sex.

Often not comfortable in nonabusive situations.

They may either become withdrawn or “act out” (drug abuse, promiscuity, drinking, etc..)

Benward et al. (1975) (1975) - interviewed 118 chemical abusing adolescents: 44% had experienced incest - 75% were under age 12 and 45% were under age 9. Describing the adolescents entry into adolescence the authors stated “at adolescence the female is especially prone to inner turmoil via antisocial behavior and relief through drugs.”